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22 votes
3 answers
2k views

Hecke equidistribution

For a prime $p\equiv 1\pmod{4}$, we can write $p=a^2+b^2=N(a+bi)$. Therefore $$ a+bi=p^{1/2}e^{i\varphi} $$ where $\varphi\in [0,2\pi]$. I know that Hecke proved that $\varphi$ is equidistributed. I ...
M.B's user avatar
  • 2,508
20 votes
6 answers
4k views

Erik Westzynthius's cool upper bound argument: update?

Version 2 of this writeup is available, and includes a newer and simple upper bound thanks to MathOverflow 88777 as well as indirect references to future writeups. Details of further work ...
Gerhard Paseman's user avatar
20 votes
2 answers
2k views

On a result attributed to W. Ljunggren and T. Nagell

I've read in a number of places that, building on previous work of T. Nagell, W. Ljunggren proved in 1 that the Diophantine equation $$\frac{x^{n}-1}{x-1} = y^{2}$$ doesn't admit solutions in ...
José Hdz. Stgo.'s user avatar
148 votes
4 answers
69k views

What are "perfectoid spaces"?

This talk is about a theory of "perfectoid spaces", which "compares objects in characteristic p with objects in characteristic 0". What are those spaces, where can one read about them? Edit: A bit ...
Thomas Riepe's user avatar
  • 10.8k
38 votes
5 answers
10k views

Are nontrivial integer solutions known for $x^3+y^3+z^3=3$?

The Diophantine equation $$x^3+y^3+z^3=3$$ has four easy integer solutions: $(1,1,1)$ and the three permutations of $(4,4,-5)$. Elsenhans and Jahnel wrote in 2007 that these were all the solutions ...
András Salamon's user avatar
11 votes
1 answer
1k views

Extending an assignment property from Q to R (or C)

Property of any odd number of nonnegative integers: Given $x_1 \leq \cdots \leq x_{2n + 1}$ with each $x_i \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 0}$, suppose that for any $x_i$ we remove, the remaining numbers can be ...
Benjamin Dickman's user avatar
27 votes
3 answers
2k views

Kasteleyn's formula for domino tilings generalized?

It seems a marvel when a bunch of irrational numbers "conspire" to become rational, even better an integer. An elementary example is $\prod_{j=1}^n4\cos^2\left(\pi j/(2n+1)\right)=1$. Kasteleyn's ...
T. Amdeberhan's user avatar
19 votes
3 answers
2k views

Cyclotomic polynomials: $\Phi_n(p)$ is like $p^{\phi(n)}$ for big enough $p$, right?

Apologies in advance if this turns out to be simple. So far I haven't found a proof or a reference. Although I like $p$ to be a prime, I can ask the following for positive integers $n$ and $p$, ...
Gerhard Paseman's user avatar
14 votes
4 answers
2k views

Partitions-sum of divisors identity

A few years ago I first read about the marvelous Euler identity: $\sum_{n\in\mathbb{N}}p(n)z^n=\prod_{k\geq1}\frac{1}{1-z^k}$, where $p(n)$ is the number of partitions of $n$ ($p(0)=1$ by convention)...
Gian Maria Dall'Ara's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
443 views

Density of numbers whose prime factors belong to given arithmetic progressions

By a theorem of Landau, the number of integers $n\leq x$ whose prime divisors belong to only arithmetic progressions $a_1,\dots,a_r$ mod $q$, with $r\leq\varphi(q)$ and $a_i$ coprime to $q$ for each $...
Tian An's user avatar
  • 3,799
2 votes
1 answer
515 views

On comparing two almost injective divisor maps

Edit 2018.08.08 This answer https://mathoverflow.net/a/307881 will be updated to give recent information about S, especially a forthcoming preprint. End Edit 2018.08.08 In an introductory post on ...
Gerhard Paseman's user avatar
71 votes
8 answers
12k views

Possible new series for $\pi$

In a recent (unfortunately over-hyped) preprint by Saha and Sinha, Field theory expansions of string theory amplitudes (arXiv:2401.05733), they present the following series for $\pi$: $$\pi = 4 + \...
Timothy Chow's user avatar
  • 82.7k
31 votes
3 answers
5k views

Is any particular algebraic number known to have unbounded continued fraction coefficients?

The continued fraction $$[1;1,2,3,4,5,\dots]=1+\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{1}{2+\cdots}}, $$ for instance, is known explicitly as a ratio of Bessel function values and is (I believe - SS) known to be ...
XL _At_Here_There's user avatar
30 votes
9 answers
10k views

Diophantine equation with no integer solutions, but with solutions modulo every integer

It's probably common knowledge that there are Diophantine equations which do not admit any solutions in the integers, but which admit solutions modulo $n$ for every $n$. This fact is stated, for ...
Faisal's user avatar
  • 10.3k
29 votes
1 answer
3k views

The Riemann zeros and the heat equation

The Riemann xi function $\Xi(x)$ is defined, with $s=1/2+ix$, as $$ \Xi(x)=\frac12 s(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s)=2\int_0^\infty \Phi(u)\cos(ux) \, du, $$ where $\Phi(u)$ is defined as $$ 2\sum_{...
Stopple's user avatar
  • 11.1k
21 votes
2 answers
2k views

Applications of number theory in dynamical systems

I am looking for references (or ways to find references) on significant and/or recent applications of techniques in number theory to problems in the areas of dynamical systems and nonlinear dynamics. ...
J W's user avatar
  • 760
19 votes
2 answers
2k views

Who first proved the generalization of Bertrand's postulate to (2n,3n) and (3n,4n)?

In Wikipedia's page for Bertrand's postulate, it is said that its (2n,3n) version was proved by El Bachraoui in 2006. Seems likely that it was first proved way before than that! Can anyone point to ...
Jose Brox's user avatar
  • 2,992
16 votes
1 answer
4k views

Order of magnitude of $\sum \frac{1}{\log{p}}$

Question: What is the order of magnitude of the following sum? $$ \sum_{\substack{p<n\\\text{$p$ prime}}} \frac{1}{\log{p}} $$ Additional information: Since $$ \sum_{\substack{p<n\\\text{...
Daniel Soltész's user avatar
15 votes
3 answers
1k views

Unit fraction, equally spaced denominators not integer

I've been looking at unit fractions, and found a paper by Erdős "Some properties of partial sums of the harmonic series" that proves a few things, and gives a reference for the following theorem: $$\...
mmm's user avatar
  • 305
14 votes
4 answers
3k views

Fourier decay rate of Cantor measures

For $0<\theta<\frac{1}{2}$, denote by $C_\theta$ the Cantor set with dissection ratio $\theta$, i.e. the Cantor set obtained from dissection parttern $(\theta, 1-2\theta,\theta)$. It is known ...
Syang Chen's user avatar
14 votes
6 answers
10k views

Frobenius number for three numbers

Given integers $a,b,c$ such that $\gcd(a,b,c) = 1$, it is well known that there exists only a finite set of numbers $n$ such that $n$ is not expressible as $ax+by+cz$ for non negative integers $x$,$y$,...
Jernej's user avatar
  • 3,463
13 votes
1 answer
1k views

Reference for: CM Hilbert Modular forms arise from Hecke characters

For classical modular forms, the correspondence between the form having CM by an imaginary quadratic field $K$ and it being induced from a Hecke character on $K$ is well-known. (Ribet's paper is a ...
unramified's user avatar
11 votes
2 answers
1k views

Most dense subset of numbers that avoids arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions

The famous Green-Tao theorem says that there exist arbitrarily long sequences of primes in arithmetic progression. I am wondering: How dense can a subset $S \subset \mathbb{N}$ be and still avoid ...
Joseph O'Rourke's user avatar
10 votes
0 answers
351 views

How are the hypergeometric motives of WZ-Pairs connected?

If $\small{(F,G)}$ is a WZ-pair and general asymptotic conditions $\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty}\small{G(n,k)=0}$ and $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\small{F(n,k)=0}$ hold, then we have the certified ...
Jorge Zuniga's user avatar
  • 2,836
10 votes
2 answers
1k views

Reference request: Oldest number theory books with (unsolved) exercises?

Per the title, what are some of the oldest number theory books out there with (unsolved) exercises? Maybe there are some hidden gems from before the 20th century out there. I am already aware of the ...
8 votes
2 answers
675 views

The number of solution of $x_1^2 + \cdots + x_k^2 \equiv \lambda \bmod q$

I'm playing with exponential sums... If $q$ is an odd prime and $a$ an integer such that $q \nmid a$, then the following formula for the Gaussian sum is known $$\sum_{x=0}^{q-1} e_q(ax^2) = \left(\...
user avatar
3 votes
0 answers
133 views

Reference for a lemma on the asymptotic upper density of special sets with large gaps and intervals

Update. Based on Anthony Quas' comment below, the proof can be made sensibly shorter and the lemma can be slightly generalized by weakening the old assumption (iii). In a joint paper that I am ...
Salvo Tringali's user avatar
3 votes
2 answers
506 views

Indefinite quadratic form universal over negative integers

Here's a question that (I hope) may seem very trivial for you, and I hope one of you may provide me with a reference answering it (unless it's a trivial colloquial knowledge). Let $f$ be an ...
SashaKolpakov's user avatar
0 votes
1 answer
1k views

Name of a conjecture on difference of prime numbers? [closed]

Hello Dear there is a conjecture for which I do not know how it is called. The conjecture is: Every even number can be always written as the difference between two prime numbers. Could you please ...
ali's user avatar
  • 3
60 votes
2 answers
11k views

What is a good roadmap for learning Shimura curves?

I am interested in learning about Shimura curves. Unlike most of the people who post reference requests however (see this question for example), my problem is not sorting through an abundance of books ...
user avatar
36 votes
1 answer
4k views

Special values of L-functions as periods

If $M$ is a pure motive over $\mathbb{Q}$, one cas define its $L$-function $L(M,s)$ which conjecturaly is a meromorphic function over $\mathbb{C}$ with finitely many poles. For example, when $M=\...
Joël's user avatar
  • 26k
31 votes
7 answers
6k views

English reference for a result of Kronecker?

Kronecker's paper Zwei Sätze über Gleichungen mit ganzzahligen Coefficienten apparently proves the following result that I'd like to reference: Let $f$ be a monic polynomial with integer ...
Gray Taylor's user avatar
30 votes
1 answer
2k views

How strong is this conjecture? $(Z/nZ)^*$ is generated by "small" elements

Conjecture: There are constants $c,k$ such that every $(Z/nZ)^*$ is generated by its elements smaller than $k (\log n)^c$. Where $(Z/nZ)^*$ is the multiplicative group of integers mod $n$. My main ...
usul's user avatar
  • 4,529
27 votes
3 answers
3k views

Where's the best place for an algebraic geometer to learn some algebraic number theory?

There are lots of introductions to number theory out there, but typically they are streamlined to assume as little prerequisite knowledge as possible. I'm looking for a text which does the opposite -- ...
Tim Campion's user avatar
26 votes
1 answer
1k views

What is the status on this conjecture on arithmetic progressions of primes?

The Green-Tao theorem states that for every $n$, there is an arithmetic sequence of length $n$ consisting of primes. For primes, $p$, let $P(p)$ be the maximum length of an arithmetic progression of ...
Gorka's user avatar
  • 1,835
18 votes
2 answers
3k views

References for Artin motives

I find the following description of Artin motives in Wikipedia. Since these seem to be quite related to number theory, I am interested to learn more in that context. I request the experts available in ...
Anweshi's user avatar
  • 7,442
17 votes
1 answer
3k views

Is $x^{n}-x-1$ irreducible?

Is it true that for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $x^{n}-x-1$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Z}[x]$? The standard irreducibility criteria seem to fail.
Pablo's user avatar
  • 11.3k
15 votes
5 answers
2k views

Zeros of the derivative of Riemann's $\xi$-function

The Riemann xi function $\xi(s)$ is defined as $$ \xi(s)=\frac12 s(s-1)\pi^{-s/2}\Gamma(s/2)\zeta(s). $$ It is an entire function whose zeros are precisely those of $\zeta(s)$. Since $\xi$ is real ...
Stopple's user avatar
  • 11.1k
14 votes
7 answers
3k views

A special type of generating function for Fibonacci

Notation. Let $[x^n]G(x)$ be the coefficient of $x^n$ in the Taylor series of $G(x)$. Consider the sequence of central binomial coefficients $\binom{2n}n$. Then there two ways to recover them: $$\...
T. Amdeberhan's user avatar
13 votes
0 answers
523 views

Euler Subgroups and Automorphic L-functions

Recently, I have read about the Whittaker expansion for $\mathrm{GL}_n$ and was struck by the utility of the mirabolic subgroup, $\mathrm{P}_n\subset \mathrm{GL}_n$ of matrices with bottom row $(0\; 0 ...
Spencer Leslie's user avatar
12 votes
2 answers
552 views

On the independence of lower and upper asymptotic and Banach densities

Given a set $X \subseteq \mathbf N^+$, denote by $\mathsf{d}_\ast(X)$ and $\mathsf{d}^\ast(X)$, respectively, the lower and upper asymptotic (or natural) density of $X$, viz. $$\mathsf{d}_\ast(X) := \...
Salvo Tringali's user avatar
12 votes
1 answer
565 views

On Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula for irrational numbers

A BBP-type formula for an irrational number $\alpha$ in the integer base $b\geq 2$ is a formula in the form $\alpha=\Sigma_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{b^k}\frac{p(k)}{q(k)}$ ($p, q$ are polynomials in ...
Amit Sing Mukerjee's user avatar
11 votes
1 answer
1k views

The Bombieri Vinogradov Theorem restricted to moduli divisible by $k$

The Bombieri-Vinogradov Theorem states that given $A>0$, there exists $B>0$ such that for $Q=\sqrt{x}\left(\log x\right)^{-B},$ we have $$\sum_{q\leq Q}\max_{y\leq x}\max_{\begin{array}{c} a\...
Eric Naslund's user avatar
  • 11.4k
11 votes
1 answer
698 views

Are the L-functions of a normalized newform and the corresponding cuspidal representation equal?

Let $f \in S_k(\Gamma_0(N))$ be a normalized newform with Fourier expansion $$f(z) = \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n e^{2\pi i z n}$$ and $a_1 = 1$. Then $f$ is an eigenfunction of all Hecke ...
D_S's user avatar
  • 6,180
10 votes
2 answers
5k views

Cohen-Lenstra Heuristics reference

I am looking for good references (preferably, books) on Cohen-Lenstra Heuristics (on Real Quadratic fields) which explain in detail the reasons behind its fundamental assumption (higher the ...
Pritam Majumder's user avatar
10 votes
2 answers
2k views

Consequences of Legendre's conjecture

I am looking for a list/reference which explores the consequences of Legendre's conjecture, which states that one can always find a prime number between $n^2$ and $(n+1)^2$.
Nirakar Neo's user avatar
10 votes
1 answer
554 views

Who was/were the first to note that if $\sum_{x \in X} \frac{1}{x} < \infty$ then the natural density of $X$ is zero?

It is a result of folklore that the natural density of a set $X$ of positive integers such that $\sum_{x \in X} \frac{1}{x} < \infty$ is zero. This is reproved, e.g., in T. Šalát's paper: ...
Salvo Tringali's user avatar
9 votes
1 answer
430 views

$2$-adic valuations: a tale of two $q$-series

Let $\nu_p(n)$ denote the $p$-adic valuation of $n$, i.e. the highest power of $p$ dividing $n$. Consider the following two $q$-series formed by infinite products $$\prod_{n\geq1}\left(\frac{1+q^n}{1-...
T. Amdeberhan's user avatar
9 votes
1 answer
1k views

Modern Proof of the Theorem of the Base

I am looking for a modern proof of the so-called "Theorem of the Base"--that the Neron-Severi rank of a smooth projective variety is finite. One can prove this for varieties over $\mathbb{C}$ easily ...
Daniel Litt's user avatar
8 votes
1 answer
620 views

On the irrationality measure of $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a^{-b^n}$

Pick integers $a, b \ge 2$ and let $\xi_{a,b}$ be the sum of the series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a^{-b^n}$. It is known that $\xi_{2,2}$ is transcendental: I learned a proof of this from notes by M. ...
Salvo Tringali's user avatar

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