Questions tagged [sums-of-squares]
The sums-of-squares tag has no usage guidance.
6
votes
0answers
171 views
Is 100 the only Leyland number that is a square?
Leyland numbers (named for Paul Leyland) are positive integers of the form $x^y + y^x$ , where x and y are naturals > 1, and also the number 3. The OEIS link is https://oeis.org/A076980
I thought ...
3
votes
2answers
207 views
Sums of squares of primes [closed]
Question: What is the least number that is a sum of three squares of primes in exactly six ways?
... I know it is not research mathematics. Happy new year!
EDIT: Now that it is answered I should ...
2
votes
0answers
106 views
Representation as $n=p^2+q^2-r^2$
What is known about the number of representations of a positive integer $n$ as
$$
\rho(n) = \# \{ (p,q,r): n=p^2+q^2-r^2\},
$$
where all the variables are primes?
What about the average number of ...
2
votes
1answer
108 views
Sieve bound for the sum of two squares
Let $$S(n) = \sum_{p \le n} b(n-p),$$ where
$b(a)=1$ is $a$ is a sum of two squares of positive integers and $b(a)=0$ otherwise.
Trivially by PNT we have
$$S(n) \ll \sum_{p \le n}1 \le \frac{n}{\log n}...
5
votes
0answers
168 views
Can we write each positive integer as $x^2+y^2+\varphi(z^2)$?
As odd squares are congruent to $1$ modulo $8$, any integer of the form $4^k(8m+7)$ with $k,m\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ cannot be written as the sum of three squares.
To avoid such congruence ...
6
votes
0answers
203 views
Legendre's three-square theorem and squared norm of integer matrices
Let $\mathbb{N}$ be the set of non-negative integers. Let $E_n$ be the set of integers which are the sum of $n$ squares. Let $F_n$ be the set of integers of the form $\Vert A \Vert^2$ with $A \in M_n(...
11
votes
2answers
366 views
Extension of Dickson's theorem on integers of the form $a^2+b^2+2c^2$
Theorems V in this paper of L.E. Dickson states that the following two sets are equal. $$E=\{a^2+b^2+2c^2 \ | \ a,b,c \in \mathbb{Z}\} \ \text{ and } \ F=\mathbb{N} \setminus \{4^k(16n+14) \ | \ k,n \...
34
votes
3answers
2k views
Lagrange four squares theorem
Lagrange's four square theorem states that every non-negative integer is a sum of squares of four non-negative integers. Suppose $X$ is a subset of non-negative integers with the same property, that ...
7
votes
1answer
247 views
Can a positive polynomial on sphere be represented as the sum of squares of spherical harmonics
Let $p\in {\mathbb{R}}[x_1,\ldots, x_d]$ be a homogenous polynomial degree $2n$. We know that if $p$ is positive on $[-\pi,\pi]^d$, $p$ is sum of squares polynomial, i.e. $p$ can be witten as sum of ...
2
votes
2answers
205 views
Number of ways to write an integer as a sum of squares modulo $k$
Given a natural number $n$ and an element $k \in \mathbb{Z}_n$, how many solutions are there in $\mathbb{Z}_n$ to the equation $x^2+y^2 =k$? That is, I'm wondering whether there is a mod-$n$ version ...
9
votes
1answer
305 views
For a proof of the three-square theorem without using Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions
The three-square theorem states that $n\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ is the sum of three squares if and only if it is not of the form $4^k(8m+7)$ ($k,m\in\mathbb N$). This was first proved by ...
16
votes
0answers
457 views
The number 1680 and Lagrange's four-square theorem
The number $1680$ has the factorization $2^4\times3\times5\times7$. Rather to my surprise, I found that this number has certain mysterious connection with Lagrange's four-square theorem.
QUESTION: ...
3
votes
0answers
39 views
Points of intersection of summand of sums of squares of real polynomials
$\newcommand\R{\mathbb R}
\newcommand\Q{\mathbb Q}
$I am thinking of something related to Blekhermans 2012 paper Nonnegative Polynomials and Sums of Squares (Journal of the AMS, 25, 2012, 617-635).
...
1
vote
0answers
140 views
An inequality involving sums of squares and sums of cubes
Assume that we have $m$ real numbers $x_1,x_2,...,x_m\in[0,1/4]$ satisfying the following equations:
$$ \sum_{i=1}^m x_i=a_1, \sum_{i=1}^mx_i^2=a_2,\sum_{i=1}^mx_i^3\geq a_3,$$
where $a_1,a_2,a_3$ are ...
1
vote
1answer
434 views
Efficient sum of squares decomposition
Sum of 4 squares decomposition is the well-known result. I'm interested only in negative/non-negative separation with focus on efficiency and large numbers. I'm looking for alternatives or extensions ...
15
votes
0answers
428 views
Does every integer $n>1$ have the form $a^2+b^2+3^c+5^d$ with $a,b,c,d$ nonnegative integers?
Lagrange's four-square theorem states that every nonnegative integer is the sum of four squares. I have tried to replace two of the four squares by two powers. This leads to my following question: ...
13
votes
0answers
389 views
If $ab^2$ is a sum of three squares, then so is $a$. How to see it quickly?
Here $a, b$ are positive integers, and the squares are the squares of integers. This follows from Legendre's three squares theorem, but is there a direct way?
1
vote
1answer
48 views
For univariate polynomial is non-negativity on an interval equivalent to having a nonnegative scalar product with non-negative polynomials
Let $\mathbb R_d[t]$ be the set of univariate polynomials in the variable $t$ of degree $d$, and $S$ be the set of elements of $\mathbb R_d[t]$ that are nonnegative on $[0, 1]$. Does the following ...
8
votes
1answer
335 views
Every odd integer greater than $1$ is of the form $a+b$ with $a^2+b^2$ being prime
Let $m$ be an odd integer greater than $1$. Is it true that there are positive $a, b$ such that $m=a+b$ and $a^2+b^2$ is a prime number?
It seems that for every odd $m$ there are many $(a,b)\in \...
5
votes
0answers
150 views
Translation of Hilbert's paper on sums of squares
Does anyone know if there is a French or English translation of Hilbert's paper on sums of squares: Ueber die Darstellung definiter Formen als Summe von Formenquadraten?
2
votes
0answers
118 views
Computing harmonic sum [closed]
I want to show the following equalities for harmonic sum
$$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^k}{k^3}=\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_0^{2n}\frac{-3}{x^4}([x]-2[\frac{x}{2}])dx$$
Any idea?
4
votes
1answer
91 views
Specific quaternary quartic that is positive semi-definite but not sum of squares
Does there exist a quaternary quartic $f$ (a form in $\mathbb{R}[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4]$ of degree $4$), which is positive semi-definite ($f \geq 0$ on $\mathbb{R}^4$) but not a sum of squares, such that ...
5
votes
1answer
220 views
polynomial maps from reducible plane curves to conics
It is classically known that every smooth plane quartic curve $C$ can be represented by an equation $q_1 q_3 = q_2^2,$ with $q_j\in\mathbb{C}[X,Y,Z]$, $1\leq j\leq 3$ quadratic forms, and the same is ...
0
votes
0answers
177 views
On sum of squares representations of primes
We know $p=1\bmod 4$ has an unique representation via $x^2+y^2=p$ where $x,y\in\Bbb N$ holds.
There are other unique form representations as well.
Suppose $p$ is a prime and we have coprime $\alpha,\...
4
votes
2answers
309 views
what is this sum of squares of algebraic functions?
This question is inspired by the MO query here, although it has no direct implications.
Define the family of polynomial functions
$$f_n(x)=n^2x^{n-1}-\frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{x^n-1}{x-1}\right),$$
and ...
8
votes
3answers
686 views
Efficient method to write number as a sum of four squares?
Wikipedia states that there randomized polynomial-time algorithms for writing $n$ as a sum of four squares
$n=x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}+x_{4}^{2}$
in expected running time $\mathrm {O} (\log^{2}...
4
votes
1answer
162 views
Ensuring that a sum of squares is non-zero (in a finite field)
The following problem bears some similarity to the Additive Basis Conjecture [ALM91,JLPT92] saying (in characteristic $3$) that there is an absolute constant $N$ such that for any positive integer $m$,...
7
votes
0answers
450 views
When is $ \sigma(n!-1) $ a perfect square?
I am looking for pairs of positive integers $(m,n)$ such that $ \sigma(n!-1) =m^2$, where $\sigma$ is the sum of divisors function. Examples occur with $(m,n)=(12,5),(1,2)$.
Question: Are there ...
1
vote
1answer
285 views
Fermat two square and Lagrange four square via Hardy-Littlewood circle method [closed]
Fermat two square: An odd prime p is expressible as
${\displaystyle p=x^{2}+y^{2},\,}$
with $x, y$ integers, if and only if
${\displaystyle p\equiv 1{\pmod {4}}.}$
Lagrange four square: Every ...
0
votes
1answer
311 views
Number of fixed points in Zagier's involution (Fermat's Theorem) [closed]
Zagier's has found a famous one sentence proof for Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. It centers on the following involution of the set $S= \lbrace (x,y,z) \in N^3: x^2+4yz=p \rbrace $ having ...
1
vote
0answers
126 views
The Linnik problem for dimension $2$
For $N$ an integer, let
$$\Omega_N:=\left\{\frac{\alpha}{\|\alpha\|}|\alpha \in\textbf{Z}^n~\text{and}~\|\alpha\|^2=N\right\}.$$
For $n=3$, Linnik asked if the set $\Omega_N$ was uniformly distributed ...
14
votes
1answer
507 views
Why sum of three squares of real polynomials is a sum of two squares?
If $f(x),g(x)$ are real polynomials, then $f^2+g^2+1$ is a sum of two squares of polynomials. This easily follows from Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, but is there an argument avoiding it? What are ...
2
votes
2answers
266 views
Lower bound for the number of representations of integers as sum of squares
Let $k\geq 4$. As usual, let $r_k(n)$ denote the number of ways to represent $n$ as the sum of $k$ squares. Is this true that for every $\varepsilon>0$, one has $r_k(n) \gg n^{\frac{k}{2}-1-\...
2
votes
0answers
172 views
Sums of hermitian squares in free abelian group algebras and real positive semidefinite matrices
A little context for the following question, first. As Noah Stein notes in a comment below, the present question is closely related to the free semialgebraic geometry studied by Helton and his ...
13
votes
1answer
499 views
Realization of numbers as a sum of three squares via right-angled tetrahedra
De Gua's theorem
is a $3$-dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem:
The square of the area of the diagonal face of a right-angled tetrahedron
is the sum of the squares of the areas of the other ...
6
votes
0answers
122 views
About the properities of sum of powers of items in a polynomial
Given a polynomial $f_1=a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots+a_{p-1}x^{p-1}\in\mathbb{Z}[x]/(x^{p}-1)$, with prime $p$, we may generate the other $p-1$ polynomials:
\begin{eqnarray*}
f_2&=&a_1^2x^2+\cdots+a_{p-...
11
votes
2answers
413 views
“Pythagoras number” for integral matrices
It is classically known that every positive integer is a sum of at most four squares of integers, i.e. every sum of squares of integers is a sum of four squares of integers. Now consider a symmetric $...
11
votes
0answers
371 views
Sums of squares via semidefinite programming for the complex free group algebra
In the algebra of real noncommutative polynomials (the “free monoid algebra” over the real field) it is possible to reduce the question of whether an element is a sum of hermitian squares and ...
1
vote
2answers
203 views
Sharply Estimating Pythagorean Triples [closed]
Given $m,n\in\Bbb N$ with $m<n$, how many pythagorean triples $p^2+r^2=q^2$ satisfy $$m\leq p<r\leq n?$$
Is there a way to give a sharp estimate?
7
votes
1answer
721 views
Lattice points on the boundary of an ellipse
How many points of the integer lattice ${\mathbb Z}^2$ can an axis-parallel ellipse of radius $r$ contain on its boundary? (that is, we consider ${\mathbb Z}^2$ as lying in ${\mathbb R}^2$). ...
7
votes
2answers
387 views
The number of solution of $x_1^2 + \cdots + x_k^2 \equiv \lambda \bmod q$
I'm playing with exponential sums...
If $q$ is an odd prime and $a$ an integer such that $q \nmid a$, then the following formula for the Gaussian sum is known
$$\sum_{x=0}^{q-1} e_q(ax^2) = \left(\...
13
votes
2answers
1k views
Many representations as a sum of three squares
Let $r_3(n) = \left|\{(a,b,c)\in {\mathbb Z}^3 :\, a^2+b^2+c^2=n \}\right|$. I am looking for the maximum asymptotic size of $r_3(n)$. That is, the maximum number of representations that a number can ...
0
votes
0answers
145 views
Representation as sum of squares
Given $N\in\Bbb N$ such that $\prod_{i=1}^mp_i=N$ with $p_i$ being similar sized primes such that $p_i\neq p_j$ if $i\neq j$ where $m\in[1,\log\log N]$, consider $$r_4(N,[a,b])=|\{\alpha^2+\beta^2+\...
6
votes
4answers
316 views
Application and usage of representation of integers as sum of powers?
We know that there are many articles and manuscripts from the ancient to date talking about representation of integers as sum of squares, cubes etc. I would like to know what is it the usage and ...
2
votes
1answer
159 views
How many finite subsets in $\mathbb{Z}^d$ have a given sum of squares?
Let $|\cdot|$ denote the usual norm in $\mathbb{Z}^d$. Given a finite subset $S \subset \mathbb{Z}^d$, let $\varphi(S) = \sum_{z \in S}|z|^2$. Given $m \in \mathbb{N}$, what is the size of $\varphi^{-...
1
vote
2answers
462 views
Sum of two squares - Number of steps in Fermat descent
If a prime $p$ can be written as the sum of two squares, then one can construct this representation via Fermat descent if we know an $x$ such that $x^2 \equiv −1 \mod p$. Is there a possibility to say ...
1
vote
0answers
178 views
The hypertriangular function of $n$
I'm looking for papers or recent results on the hypertriangular function of $n$:
$$H_t(n)= \displaystyle\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n} k^k$$
This is A001923 in the OEIS.
I don't have much experience with ...
3
votes
0answers
426 views
Generating Function of distinct way of partitioned square sums of positive integers
Let's define a function $p_2(n)$ that it is total distinct way to write $n$ positive integer as sum of square of positive integers. For example, $9$ can be partitioned as sum of squares in 4 distinct ...
3
votes
1answer
486 views
Sum of two squares and implication of Bunyakovsky conjecture
Bunyakovsky's conjecture states that a polynomial with integer
coefficients takes infinitely many prime values at integers,
unless this is impossible for trivial reasons.
Let $a_1(x), a_2(x), a_3(x), ...
6
votes
1answer
189 views
For a Sum-of-Squares cost functions J(x) is it true that J(x)-j* is also SOS?
For polynomial optimization problems the sum-of-squares theory and Lasserre relaxation hierarchy provides a theoretically handy way of getting the solution. There are also results saying that finite ...
