Questions tagged [duality]
Use for questions regarding duality of mathematical object, i.e. dual spaces, objects with two possible interpretations etc.
312 questions
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Does weak-* convergence in $W^{1,\infty}$ imply weak-* convergence in $L^\infty$?
Let $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ be open and bounded.
What does weak-* convergence for a sequence of functions $\{f_k\}_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ in $W^{1,\infty}(\Omega)$ mean? It seems to me that there ...
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Tangential normal invariant isomorphism
Recently, I was reading the paper "Finite Group Actions on Kervaire Manifold" by Crowley, Hambolton. But I am having problem understanding a definition. Here it is,
In page 15-16 they are ...
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Why aren‘t op and co switched?
When reading through Loregian and Riehl - Categorical notions of fibration, on p. 3 there is a remark that confuses me about notation. Given a $2$-category $\mathcal C$ one usually defines $\mathcal C^...
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Weak*-separability of the unit ball of $X’$ and density characters and cardinalities of $X$ and $X’$
(This question has also been asked on Math StackExchange.)
Let $X$ be a Banach space, $X’$ be its continuous dual such that its unit ball is weak*-separable. I’ve been wondering what can be said about ...
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From relative convexity to modulus of continuity estimates for the dual gradient mapping
Let $F: \mathbf{R}^d \to \mathbf{R}$ be a convex function, let $m > 0$, and define $Q_m: \mathbf{R}^d \to \mathbf{R}$ to be the mapping $x \mapsto \frac{m}{2} \| x \|_2^2$. One says that $F$ is $m$-...
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$BMO$ is not reflexive
It is well known that $BMO$ is the dual space of the Hardy space $H^1$, which is the dual space of $VMO$. I believe that $BMO$ is not reflexive, but I am not quite sure that the above information is ...
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Can one characterize maximal antichains in terms of distributive lattices?
This is inspired by the recent question Verification of a maximal antichain
The celebrated duality between finite posets and finite distributive lattices has several nice formulations. One of them ...
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Legendre transformation of vector valued function
Good afternoon. Is there any generalisation of Legendre--Fenchel transformation to the vector-valued functions $f: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$?
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Are there centrally-symmetric self-dual polytopes in dimension $d> 4$?
A convex polytope $P\subset\Bbb R^d$ is centrally symmetric if $-P=P$. It is self-dual (or better, self-polar?) if its polar dual $P^\circ$ is congruent to $P$, that is, there is a map $X\in\mathrm O(\...
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Explicit computations of Serre duality for elliptic curves
I have an elliptic curve $E$ defined over a ring $R$, I want to compute the pairing
$$
H^1(E,\mathcal{O}_E)\times H^0(E, \Omega_E^1){\rightarrow}R.
$$
Clearly we have that $H^0(E, \Omega_E^1)=R \...
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Wasserstein distance and Monge-Kantorovich-Rubinstein duality
The definition of Wasserstein $p$-distance between two measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ on a Polish space $X$ is given by
$$
W_p(\mu, \nu)^p = \inf_{\gamma \in \Pi(\mu, \nu)} \int_{X \times X} d(x, y)^p\; d\...
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Weak duality sign
Let $\left\{\begin{matrix}
\operatorname{min}_xc^Tx\\Ax\leq b
\\ x\in \mathbb{R}^+
\end{matrix}\right.$ be a LP primal problem and $\left\{\begin{matrix}
\operatorname{max}_yb^Ty\\A^Ty\geq c
\\ y\in ...
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Dual norm for weighted Sobolev space
Consider a "weight" function $\rho: \mathbb{R}^{d} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ and the following weighted Sobolev norm:
\begin{equation}
\|h\|_{\dot{H}^{1}(\rho;\mathbb{R}^{d})}:=(\int_{\mathbb{...
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$f=0$ in $H^{-1}(\Omega)$ implies $f=0$ almost everywhere
Does $f=0$ in $H^{-1}(\Omega)=(H^1_0(\Omega))^*$ implies $f=0$ almost everywhere in $\Omega$?
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Duality for finite quotient groups of finitely generated free abelian groups
$\newcommand{\Z}{{\Bbb Z}}
\newcommand{\Q}{{\Bbb Q}}
\newcommand{\Hom}{{\rm Hom}}
$ The following lemma is certainly known.
Lemma (well-known).
Let $B$ be a lattice (that is, a finitely generated ...
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Reference for free symmetric monoidal categories with duals on symmetric monoidal categories
The inclusion $U$ of the (2,1)-category of symmetric monoidal categories with duals into the (2,1)-category of symmetric monoidal categories admits a left 2-adjoint functor $L$ for formal reasons.
In ...
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When Alexander dual of a simplicial complex is a matroid?
Let $C$ be a simplicial complex on a finite set $V$: that means $C$ is a collection of subsets of $V$ such that if $\sigma\in C$ and $\tau\subseteq \sigma$, then $\tau\in C$.
The Alexander dual $D(C)$ ...
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Is it possible to deduce Poincaré duality from duality of polytopes?
I'm having trouble understanding Poincaré duality, as it seems unmotivated. Here for instance:
https://math.stackexchange.com/a/14469/454016
Poincaré duality is explained through a duality of ...
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Riesz representation theorem for duals of spaces of continuously differentiable functions
Let $k$ be a positive integer. I am looking for a possibly exhaustive reference discussing representation of dual spaces of $C^k_b(\mathbb{R}^d)$, $C^k_0(\mathbb{R}^d)$, or at least $C^k(K)$ for ...
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Faltings' Cartier duality for A-modules in terms of Hopf algebras
$\newcommand\dual{^{\text{dual}}}\newcommand\GrpSch{\mathrm{GrpSch}}\DeclareMathOperator\Hom{Hom}\DeclareMathOperator\Vect{Vect}$If $G$ is a finite group scheme over a field $k$, we can define its ...
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Unifying two definitions of $L^\infty$
Let $X$ be a locally compact Hausdorff space and $\mu$ a Radon measure on $X$.
Definitions:
A subset $E\subseteq X$ is called locally Borel if $F \cap E$ is Borel for every Borel set $F\subseteq X$ ...
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Spanier-Whitehead dual of space of natural transformations
Let $F, G: \mathcal{J} \to \mathsf{Sp}$ be continuous functors between $\sf{Sp}$-enriched categories, where $\sf{Sp}$ denotes any of the point-set models for spectra (i.e., orthogonal spectra).
...
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Comparison: Formal Wirthmüller isomorphism of Fausk-Hu-May vs. Balmer et. al
$\newcommand{\Cc}{\mathcal{C}}$
$\newcommand{\Dd}{\mathcal{D}}$
$\newcommand{\tensor}{\otimes}$
$\DeclareMathOperator{\Sp}{Sp}$
This question is about comparing the approaches for a formal Wirthmüller ...
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Duality of finite signed measures and bounded continuous functions
Let $E$ be a metric space, $C_b(E)$ denote the space of bounded continuous functions $E\to\mathbb R$ (equipped with the supremum norm), $\mathcal M(E)$ denote the space of finite signed measures on ...
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Product-coproduct duality
Let $T$ be a set, $R$ be a ring with $1$ and $B, S_t$ be $R$-modules $\forall t \in T$
My task is to state and prove the dual to the following statement:
Given momomorphisms $j_t: S_t \rightarrow B$. ...
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Is the polar dual of a semi-algebraic convex body also semi-algebraic?
Call a convex body $C\subset\Bbb R^n$ semi-algebraic if it can be written as
$$(*)\quad C=\bigcap_{i\in I}\, \{x\in \Bbb R^n\mid p_i(x)\le 0\}$$
with polynomials $p_i\in\Bbb R[X_1,...,X_n]$ and a ...
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What is a module over a Boolean ring?
Recall that a (unital) Boolean ring is a (unital) commutative ring $A$ where every element is idempotent; it follows that $A$ is of characteristic 2. There is an equivalence of categories between ...
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References on duality of fractional order Sobolev spaces
I would like to ask you for any good references regarding fractional order Sobolev spaces. I know Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces is a very popular one, and I found it to be quite ...
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Is the Lie bracket on $\mathfrak g^{\ast}$ induced from a cocommutator defined on $\mathfrak g\ $?
Let $G$ be a Poisson-Lie group. Let $\mathfrak g = \text {Lie} (G) = T_1 G$ be the corresponding Lie algebra. Then the Poisson structure on $G$ gives rise to a Lie bracket $[\cdot, \cdot]$ on $\...
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Does rigidity imply a unique dualizing functor?
Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a rigid, monoidal category. Can I talk about $\mathcal{C}$ as having a unique, well-defined, dualizing functor (i.e. one that maps objects and morphisms onto their respective ...
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Why is there a duality between spaces and commutative algebras?
1) The category of affine varieties over $\mathbb{C}$ is equivalent to the opposite category of finitely generated reduced algebras over $\mathbb{C}$. The equivalence associates to an affine variety ...
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Confusion about the (Grothendieck–Poincaré) double dual of reflexive differentials vs usual differentials on a normal Cohen–Macaulay scheme
$\DeclareMathOperator\Hom{Hom}$Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an abelian category, my question is about the case when $\mathcal{A}$ is the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a scheme $X$. There is a fully ...
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Gross-Hopkins duality
$\DeclareMathOperator\Spf{Spf}\DeclareMathOperator\Pic{Pic}\DeclareMathOperator\Mod{Mod}$One can deduce the invertibility of the Gross-Hopkins dualizing spectrum from purely algebro-geometric ...
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Does Grothendieck duality hold without taking RHom?
I asked this very basic question about Grothendieck Duality on the Stack--exchange some time ago, without any replies.
I'm therefore asking the question here to test my luck.
Let $f:X\to Y$ be a ...
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Is there Sperner-type lemma where the colors are on the edges?
I am looking for Sperner-type lemmas where:
The colors are on the edges (1-dimensional simplices) - rather than on the vertices;
The target is a fully-colored vertex (a vertex adjacent to n edges of ...
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Category with binary biproducts but no zero morphism
Is there a category with binary biproducts but no zero morphism?
I'm wondering if the definition of biproducts as objects that are simultaneously products and coproducts that obey some identities on ...
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Exactness of a term after taking Pontryagin dual: a step in the proof of Poitou-Tate duality
I'm reading the proof of Poitou-Tate duality in the book Galois Cohomology and Class Field Theory by David Harari.
After some arguments, we get a exact sequence
$$
\mathbf{P}^1_S(k,M^{'})^* \...
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Top cohomology of profinite Poincaré duality group
The paper "Cohomology of p-adic analytic groups" by Symonds and Weigel is considered one of the main references for continuous cohomology of profinite groups. There is a passage I do not ...
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Is unit ball in 2-Wassestein metric weakly compact?
This might be a trivial question, but I am trying to prove equi-coerciveness of some family of functions on the space of Probability measures on some space. I could reduce the problem to showing that $...
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How does Gabriel–Ulmer duality extend to (limit, colimit) sketches?
$\newcommand\Sketch{\mathit{Sketch}}\newcommand\Set{\mathit{Set}}
\DeclareMathOperator\Lim{Lim}\DeclareMathOperator\Colim{Colim}\DeclareMathOperator\Mod{Mod}\newcommand\mod{\operatorname{mod}}\...
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Bi-annihilator of a subspace of the dual of an infinite-dimensional vector space
Let $V$ be an infinite-dimensional vector space and $V^*$ its dual.
For a linear subspace $W\subset V$ define $W^ \circ\subset V^*$ as the subspace of linear forms on $V$ vanishing on $W$.
Dually, for ...
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Examples for "nice" Boolean algebras that are not complete or not atomic
A Boolean algebra may, or may not, be complete (i.e, any set of elements has a sup and an inf) or atomic (i.e., every element is a sup of some set of atoms).
Boolean Algebras that are complete as ...
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Dual space of continuous Banach-space-valued functions
Let $X$ be a Banach space and $K$ some compact Hausdorff space. I am interested in the dual space of the Banach space
$$C(K; X) = \lbrace f: K \to X, \ f \text{ is continuous}\rbrace, \qquad \lVert ...
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Is every sequentially $\sigma(E',E)$-continuous linear functional on a dual Banach space $E'$ necessarily a point evaluation?
$\newcommand{\bf}[1]{\mathbb #1}\newcommand{\sc}[1]{\mathscr #1}$
A duality between two vector spaces $E$ and $F$ over $\bf K$ ($= {\bf R}$ of ${\bf C}$)
is, by definition, a bilinear form
$$
\...
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Application of the $\operatorname{BMO}$, $H^1$ duality
Let $f\in \operatorname{BMO}(\partial \Delta)$, then there exists a Carleson measure $\mu$ in $\Delta$ such that
$$f(\zeta)-\int_{\Delta}P_{z}(\zeta)d\mu(z)\in L^{\infty}(\partial \Delta),\ \zeta\in\...
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Generalization of Bernstein’s inequality
I'm using Muscalu and Schlag's textbook to study harmonic analysis and I encountered the following claim:
Given some function $f \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$, where $\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$ ...
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If a $\otimes$-idempotent object has a dual, must it be self-dual?
Let $C$ be a symmetric monoidal category.
Recall that a dual for $X \in C$ is an object $X^\vee$ and maps $\eta: I \to X \otimes X^\vee$ and $\varepsilon: X^\vee \otimes X \to I$ (where $I$ is the ...
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Is the Serre dualizing complex local in the analytic topology?
There is a Serre dualizing complex $S_X\in D^b Coh(X)$ for any scheme $X$ of finite type. For proper schemes, it is characterized as the sheaf defining the right adjoint to derived global sections, ...
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Completeness of coefficient functionnals
My questions is about Schauder bases and more specifically about coefficient functionals.
Let $(x_n)$ be a Schauder basis of a Banach space $X$. Thus for all $x$ in $X$, $x = \sum f_n(x) x_n$. The $...
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Heap torsors and dual objects
Suppose that $G$ is a group and $P:G\rightarrow G$ is a permutation of $G$. We would now like to apply a forgetful functor to the algebra $(G,\cdot,P,^{-1},e)$. Whenever $g\in G$, let $gP$ be the ...
