All Questions
5,909 questions
2
votes
1
answer
189
views
Equivalent characterization of weak derivative in Bochner space
Let $H$ be a hilbert space. A function $v\in L_\text{loc}^1(0,T;H)$ is called the weak derivative of $u \in L_\text{loc}^1(0,T;H)$ iff
$$ \int_0^T u(t) \varphi'(t) \, dt = -\int_0^T v(t) \varphi(t) \, ...
- 75
7
votes
0
answers
150
views
The space of analytic associative operations
This question is a follow-up to this old one of mine.
Let $\mathcal{A}$ be the set of functions $\star:\mathbb{R}^2\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ which are associative and $C^\omega$ (real analytic entire) in ...
- 20.5k
0
votes
0
answers
55
views
Johnson-Lindenstrauss type result for matrix factorization
The type of result I want is: given matrix $A\in \mathbb{R}^{m\times n}$ and error tolerance $\epsilon$, what is a lower bound on $k$ such that $\|A - UV\|_{??}\le \epsilon$, where $U \in\mathbb{R}^{m\...
41
votes
6
answers
9k
views
"Long-standing conjectures in analysis ... often turn out to be false"
The title is a quote from a Jim Holt article entitled, "The Riemann zeta conjecture and the laughter of the primes" (p. 47).1
His example of a "long-standing conjecture" is the Riemann hypothesis,...
14
votes
1
answer
417
views
Lipschitz property of the determinant
$\newcommand{\A}{\mathcal A}\newcommand{\Tr}{\operatorname{tr}}$For $c$ and $C$ such that $0<c<C<\infty$, let $\A_{d;c,C}$ denote the set of all symmetric positive-definite real $d\times d$ ...
- 128k
0
votes
1
answer
92
views
Continuous selectors of a continuous multifunctin on a compact metric space
I am currently working on a continuous selector problem of multifunctions. I am trying to figure out if a continuous multifunction defined on a compact metric space always admit a continuous selector.
...
- 79
3
votes
1
answer
128
views
Weaker version of the lemma of K.L. Chung
Let $\{u_n\}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ be a sequence of nonnegative real numbers (i.e., $u_n\geq 0$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$). Assume furthermore that, for some positive constant $C$, the following holds:
$$...
- 132
5
votes
1
answer
117
views
Between BV and Baire 2
My question is about functions of bounded variation (BV) on the reals.
On one hand, Helly's selection theorem provides (fairly restrictive) conditions under which a sequence of BV-functions has a sub-...
- 4,359
0
votes
2
answers
319
views
Representation of continuous, monotone, concave functions
Is there a characterization of all continuous functions $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ satisfying:
$f(0)=0$
$f$ is monotonically increasing
$f$ is concave
My intuition is that $f$ should admit ...
- 5,405
2
votes
0
answers
319
views
A (possible) generic spectral property in one dimensional dynamics
Context and Definitions
Consider the interval $I=[0,1]$. We say that $T:I\to I$ satisfies the axiom A (I am following [1]) if:
$T$ has a finite number of hyperbolic periodic attractors; and
defining $...
- 333
7
votes
2
answers
419
views
A counterexample showing $BV_p \neq AC_p$
I am trying to work through a supposedly simple counterexample given in papers by Love and Gehring regarding a $p$-power generalization of bounded variation and absolute continuity.
Let $p > 1$. ...
- 217
1
vote
1
answer
143
views
$L^1$ error between indicator function and smoothed out version
For a large parameter $r>0$, consider the indicator function $1_{[-r,r]}$ and its convolution with the (normalized) Gaussian $\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}e^{-x^2}$, that is,
$$f_r(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}\...
- 101
1
vote
1
answer
157
views
On the additive property of the subdifferential of lower semicontinuous functions
Let $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ be a lower semicontinuous function, we define the Fréchet subdifferential of $f$ at $x\in\mathbb R$ by
$$\partial^F f(x):=\left\{L\in\mathbb R: \liminf_{v\to0}\frac{f(x+v)...
- 299
5
votes
3
answers
620
views
Poisson equation on manifolds
Let $(\mathcal{M},g)$ be a compact Riemannian manifold with Levi-Civita connection $\nabla$. It is well-known that the Poisson equation
$$\Delta u=f$$
does have a solution on $C^{\infty}(\mathcal{M})$ ...
- 1,171
2
votes
0
answers
120
views
On the integer of the form p^a q^b closest to a given integer N
If we give ourselves a number having only one prime factor $p$ and a given natural integer $N$, we know how to give the integer of the form $p^k$ closest (and less than) to this integer $N$ it's ...
- 69
0
votes
0
answers
63
views
Computing the eta invariant of a rather contrived operator on the circle
For physical reasons, I am interested in computing the eta invariant of the following Hermitian operator acting on complex valued functions on the circle with circumference 1. I define the operator ...
- 111
1
vote
0
answers
125
views
Transforming nilpotency into diagonalizability [closed]
We designate the $k$-th standard vector as $e_k$ in $\mathbb{C}^n$.
We consider the backward shift operator, denoted as $T: \mathbb{C}^n \to \mathbb{C}^n$, which is defined as follows:
$Te_1=0$ and $...
- 4,058
2
votes
0
answers
116
views
Behavior at infinity of an $L^2$ function with $L^2$ mixed second derivatives
If $f$, $\nabla_x \cdot \nabla_y f \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^d_x\times \mathbb{R}^d_y)$, what can be said about decay at infinity of $\nabla_x f$, $\nabla_y f$?
It is clear that $(\nabla_x^2 + \nabla_y^2) f \...
- 469
3
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Positivity of a one-variable rational function
Let's consider the $1$-variable rational function
$$F(z):=\frac{1-z}{(z^3 - z^2 + 2z - 1)\,(z^3 + z^2 + z - 1)}.$$
Numerical evidence convinces me of the truth of the following.
QUESTION. Can you ...
- 43.2k
6
votes
1
answer
210
views
Is the Hardy Littlewood “minimal function” comparable to the original function in $L^1$ norm?
Given $f \in L^1 (\mathbb R^d)$, and $\varepsilon > 0$, define the minimal function $m_\varepsilon f$ by
$$m_\varepsilon f(x) := \inf_B \frac1{|B|} \int_B |f| ,$$
where the infimum is taken over ...
- 6,323
2
votes
0
answers
216
views
When do these ODE have positive solutions?
Consider the ODE \begin{equation} x'' + q(t) x = 0 \end{equation} in the unit interval $(0,1)$, with a potential function $q(t) = 4\pi^2 - \frac{Ct}{(1 - t)^2}$ depending on a positive constant $C >...
- 5,048
3
votes
3
answers
427
views
Quantitative analytic continuation estimate for a function small on a set of positive measure
The following conjecture about analytic functions arose as a way to show the asymptotic growth for certain PDE solutions. As I am unfamiliar with any results of this type, I thought I'd ask here.
In ...
- 324
17
votes
1
answer
580
views
Aperiodic monotile in $\mathbb{R}$
Motivation. Recently a group of researchers found an aperiodic monotile in $\mathbb{R}^2$, answering a long-standing question. There are many results in higher dimensions, so let's explore the lower ...
- 48.9k
3
votes
1
answer
186
views
Uniformly closed ideals of smooth/real analytic functions
Consider $U\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ an open subset and denote by $R$ either the algebra of real-valued smooth or real analytic functions on $U$. In either case suppose that $R$ is equipped with the ...
- 513
17
votes
2
answers
2k
views
"Find $\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{x_n}{\sqrt{n}}$ where $x_{n+1}=x_n+\frac{n}{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}$" -where does this problem come from?
Recently, I encountered this problem:
"Given a sequence of positive number $(x_n)$ such that for all $n$,
$$x_{n+1}=x_n+\frac{n}{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}$$
Find the limit $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \...
- 327
38
votes
26
answers
57k
views
Text for an introductory Real Analysis course.
Any suggestions on a good text to use for teaching an introductory Real Analysis course? Specifically what have you found to be useful about the approach taken in specific texts?
2
votes
0
answers
100
views
Are analytic solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations sufficient?
Generally, we ask for solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, when the starting conditions are in the Schwartz space.
However, I am wondering, whether it is possible to consider just analytic ...
- 749
2
votes
0
answers
174
views
Product of marginals absolutely continuous with respect to a Borel probability measure
Let $\mu$ be a Borel probability measure on $\Bbb{R}^{m+n}=\Bbb{R}^m\times\Bbb{R}^n$. Consider its marginal measures $\mu_1(A):=\mu(A\times\Bbb{R}^n)\, (A\in\mathcal{B}(\Bbb{R}^m))$ and $\mu_2(B):=\mu(...
- 3,599
1
vote
1
answer
191
views
Concentration inequality for square roots
Given a sequence of (not-necessarily-iid) real-valued random variables $X_n$ that converge to $a\in\mathbb{R}$ in probability, suppose we have an exponential concentration inequality of the form
$$
P(|...
- 13
5
votes
2
answers
223
views
Continuous functions on $[0,1]^\omega$ and a product lower bound
I have a concrete question about continuous functions on $X = [0,1]^\omega$ (with the product topology).
The map $f:X\to [0, 1]$ given by $(x_i)\mapsto \prod x_i$ is well-defined and Borel but not ...
- 53
1
vote
1
answer
269
views
Is there a version of dominated convergence theorem for local $L^p$ spaces?
Fix $p \in [1, \infty)$. Let $(L^p (\mathbb R^d), \|\cdot\|_{L^p})$ be the Lesbesgue space of $p$-integrable real-valued functions on $\mathbb R^d$. Let $\tilde L^p (\mathbb R^d)$ be the space of ...
- 825
4
votes
1
answer
296
views
The maximal difference between a function and translates of itself
Note: We view the sphere $S^1$ as $[0,1]$ with the endpoints identified, and equip it with its usual addition structure, and Lebesgue measure.
Question: Does there exist an absolute constant $C > 0$...
- 6,323
4
votes
0
answers
116
views
Lipschitz extension of a flow can still be a flow?
Consider a map $\Phi: [0,T] \times \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}^d$, and assume that there exists a set $U \subset \mathbb{R}^d$ such that $\Phi\rvert_{[0,T] \times U}$ is $L$-Lipschitz. It is well ...
- 749
4
votes
1
answer
305
views
Holomorphic extension of the Fourier transform of a measure
If an entire holomorphic function $f(z)$ is given by the analytic continuation of $f(x)=\int_\mathbb{R}e^{-ix\xi}\,d\mu(\xi)$ with a finite Borel measure $\mu$ on $\mathbb{R}$, then $g(x):=\int_\...
- 63
1
vote
1
answer
312
views
Showing that the infimum is a minimum
Let $V > 0$ and let $\Phi(\cdot)$ be the standard normal CDF.
Consider the infimum of
$$f(x_1, x_2,x_3, p_1, p_2, p_3) := p_1 \Phi(x_1) + p_2 \Phi(x_2) + p_3 \Phi(x_3)$$
with respect to $x_1, x_2, ...
- 113
5
votes
1
answer
526
views
Boyd & Chua 1985: Is the proof of Lemma 2 correct?
$\newcommand\norm[1]{\lVert#1\rVert}\newcommand\abs[1]{\lvert#1\rvert}$I'm reading this article by Boyd and Chua [1], in which they prove the approximability of arbitrary time-invariant (TI) operators ...
- 153
0
votes
1
answer
129
views
Sequence of functions converges pointwise to identity [closed]
Let
For $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and $k\in \{0, 1, 2, ..., 2^{n}-1 \}$ is defined
$$I_{k}^{n}=\left[\frac{k}{2^{n}}, \frac{k+1}{2^{n}}\right)$$
and $f_{n}:[0, 1) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is defined by
$$f_{n}(...
- 251
3
votes
2
answers
2k
views
Can every real function be approximated with a Riemann-integrable one with any precision required?
Is there some proof that Riemann-integrable functions are dense in the space of all real functions?
In a sense that for every real function $f$ and number $\varepsilon>0$, there is Riemann-...
- 117
2
votes
2
answers
127
views
Is there a restriction on the structure of the set of points where all derivatives of a $C^\infty$ real function are 0? [duplicate]
Let $f$ be an infinitely differentiable real function and let $Z(f)$ denote the set of points on which all derivatives of $f$ vanish. It is not hard to describe an $f$ such that $Z(f)$ is any ...
- 481
5
votes
1
answer
335
views
Long tail property of Laplace transforms
A function $F: \mathbb R_+ \rightarrow \mathbb R_+$ is said to be long tailed if $F(\infty)=0$ and for all $y \geq 0$ $$\frac{F(x+y)}{F(x)} \rightarrow 1, \quad x\rightarrow \infty.$$
Let $\mu$ be a ...
- 135
2
votes
0
answers
120
views
Closure of Laplacian
Let $(M,g)$ be a complete Riemannian manifold and $\Delta$ the (positive) Laplace-Beltrami operator. Now, consider this operator as an operator
$$\Delta:\mathcal{D}(\Delta)\to L^{2}(M)$$
There are two ...
- 1,171
1
vote
0
answers
98
views
Periodicity in one Fourier variable
Let $f:[0,1]\times [0,1] \to \mathbb C$ be a double periodic function (periodic in both variables) that depends real-analytically on its argument.
We can thus write $f$ as $$ f(x) = \sum_{n \in \...
1
vote
1
answer
90
views
The number of roots of pseudo-exponential polynomials
Assume that $J$ is the interval $(-\pi,\pi]$. For $k=1,\ldots,2n$, suppose that $\lambda_k$s are real functions on $J$ with $|\lambda_k|=1$, meaning that $\lambda_k(t)$ is either $-1$ or $1$ where $t\...
- 4,058
1
vote
1
answer
258
views
What is the measure of two sets which partition the reals into subsets of positive measure?
This is a follow up to this question, where I wish to partition the reals into two sets $A$ and $B$ that are dense (with positive measure) in every non-empty sub-interval $(a,b)$ of $\mathbb{R}$.
(In ...
- 63
0
votes
1
answer
230
views
Norm equivalence in finite dimensions - is the equivalence "universal" if the dimension is fixed?
I am aware that in a finite dimensional vector space, any two norms are equivalent.
However, I cannot really figure out how "universal" the equivalence constants are.
To be specific, let us ...
- 3,477
8
votes
1
answer
412
views
Weakest theory over which "all sets are measurable" has consistency strength?
Some convention: $\textrm{DC}$ stands for axiom of dependent choice, $\text{LM}$ stands for the statement "all subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ are Lebesgue measurable", $\textrm{IC}$ for "there ...
- 333
4
votes
1
answer
425
views
An exercise on log-concave random variable on the real line
Let $X$ be a real random variable with log-concave density $f$. Assume that $E(X) =0$ and $E(X^2)=1$.
Show that there is a universal (independent of $X$) constant $c>0$ such that:
$$P(X\in[-1/2;0])\...
- 245
5
votes
1
answer
222
views
If every point is a Lebesgue point of $f$, does $f$ satisfy the intermediate value property?
Let $f: \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ be a locally integrable measurable function.
We say $f$ satisfies the intermediate value property if given any $a, b\in \mathbb R$ with $a < b$, whenever $u \in \...
- 6,323
5
votes
1
answer
234
views
Can a continuous bounded variation function be $C^0$-reparametrized to be continuously differentiable?
Let $f: [0, 1] \to \mathbb R$ be a function of bounded variation. We say that $g$ is a $C^0$ reparametrization if $g = f \circ s$ for $s$ a continuous increasing bijection from a finite interval $I$ ...
- 6,323
1
vote
0
answers
102
views
Proving that a quantity is positive (Gaussian density and Gaussian CFD)
$\def\R{\mathbb R}$$\def\aha{{1/2}}$$\def\maha{{1/2}}$
Hi everyone,
I am interested in the following problem:
Let consider the heat equation problem:
$$\forall (t,x) \in \mathbb{R}_+\times\mathbb{R}, ~...
- 393