Questions tagged [measure-theory]
Questions about abstract measure and Lebesgue integral theory. Also concerns such properties as measurability of maps and sets.
3,073 questions
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Lower bounds from Fourier dimension?
According to Mattila, Geometry of sets and measures in Euclidean spaces, p. 168, the Fourier dimension $\text{dim}_F(A)$ of $A\subseteq \mathbb R^n$ is the unique number in $[0,n]$ such that for any $...
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Reference for a strong intermediate value theorem for measures
Let $\mu$ be a finite nonatomic measure on a measurable space $(X,\Sigma)$, and for simplicity assume that $\mu(X) = 1$. There is a well-known "intermediate value theorem" of Sierpiński that states ...
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How can I show that "almost all function" have property P?
The following is cross-posted from
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1391293/is-almost-all-function-a-well-defined-concept
since I didn't (yet) get an answer there.
(I hope that's okay?)
...
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Averaging measurable functions over amenable group actions
Let $G$ be an amenable group acting on a space $X$.
Amenability means there is a $G$-invariant mean on $L^\infty(G,{\mathbf R})$.
Given a bounded function $f\colon X\to {\mathbf R}$ one can use the ...
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Post composition of integral
Setup:
If $\langle \Omega, \mathfrak{F},\mu \rangle$ is a measure space, $f:\Omega \rightarrow E$ is a weakly-measurable function to a Banach space $E$, $g: E \rightarrow E'$ is a diffeomorphism and ...
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entropy growth of invariant measures - General question
In general, given a sequence of shift-invariant measures $\eta_{n}$ on $\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$ what to do to guarantee this convergence of entropies: $$h(\eta_{n}) \rightarrow \log2?$$
Because I'm ...
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entropy and d-bar: how do we estimate continuity?
Let $G = \{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}} = \mathbb{Z}_{2}^{\mathbb{N}}$ be the Bernoulli space of two symbols, let $\sigma$ be the shift map and $M(G)$ the set of $\sigma$-invariant probabilities. Let $\bar{d}$ ...
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Non-Borel sets without axiom of choice
This is a simple doubt of mine about the basics of measure theory, which should be easy for the logicians to answer. The example I know of non Borel sets would be a Hamel basis, which needs axiom of ...
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Do invariant measures maximize the integral?
Update: The negative answer to the following question has been provided by Matthew Daws, who won, but also rejected, the bounty of 100 euro that I set over the question.
Let $\mathcal M(\mathbb Z)$ ...
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Optimization over space of probability measures
Consider an optimization problem as follows:
$$
\min\mathbb E_w[f_0(w)] \mathrm{\,\,\,\,\,\ s.t.\,\,\,\,} E_w[f_i(w)]\leq 0 ,\,\,\, i=1,\dots, k
$$
where the maximum is taken over $\mathscr M$, ...
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Equivalent measures on algebra also equivalent on $\sigma$-algebra?
Suppose $\mu$ and $\nu$ are finite positive measures on a measurable space $(X,\mathcal A)$. Let $\mathcal G$ be an algebra of $\mathcal A$. If $\mu$ and $\nu$ are equivalent on $\mathcal G$ in the ...
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A question regarding the relation between Freiling's Axiom of Symmetry and real-valued measurable cardnals
A major argument against Freiling's Axiom of Symmetry is the following (this from the wikipedia article of the same name):
"The naive probabalistic notion used by Freiling tacitly assumes that there ...
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Functional representation of adapted jointly measurable stochastic processes
It seems like the question stated here in MSE has no answer yet and seems therefore for me to be not of a basic question type. For this reason I move it to MO.
Let $X_t : \Omega \to E, \ t \geq 0$ be ...
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Density of Gaussian measures on Banach spaces
I am trying to get my head around this question and was reading (1) which states the same a little bit more general:
Let $X$ be a separable Banach space and $X^*$ the dual space. The mean
value $...
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Bound for the generalised Rényi dimension of a measure
If $\mu$ is a measure on $\mathbb{R}^d$, and for each $r>0$ we let $\mathcal{M}_r$ denote the set of all ``cubes'' of the form $[j_1r,(j_1+1)r) \times \cdots \times [j_dr,(j_d+1)r)$ for $j_1,\ldots,...
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Spherical decreasing rearrangement on the sphere
On $\mathbb{R}^n$, we have the concept of spherically decreasing rearragement of a function, which means, given a function $f$, one can design a radial and decreasing function $f^*$ such that $\Vert f^...
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Stopping time sigma-fields
Let $(F_n)$ be a discrete Filtration and $S_n,S$ (not necessarily finite) stopping times with $S_n\uparrow S$ (increasing convergence).
Is it true that the associated sigma-fields satisfy $F_{S_n}\...
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Does a monotone subadditive $f: \mathcal{P}(\bf N)\to [0,1]$ admit a finite partition with values in $(0,1)$?
A function $f\colon \mathcal{P}(\mathbf{N})\to [0,1]$ is said to have the Darboux property whenever for all $X \subseteq \mathbf{N}$ and $y \in [0,f(X)]$, there exists $Y \subseteq X$ such that $f(Y)=...
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Can we recover a topological space from the collection of Borel probability measures living on it?
Let $(X, \tau)$ be a topological space, and $\mathcal{P}(X, \tau)$ be the Borel probability measures living on $X$. Can we recover $(X, \tau)$ from $\mathcal{P}(X, \tau)$?
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Does Borel's proof for existence of normal numbers make an essential use of axiom of choice?
A normal number is a real number whose infinite sequence of digits in every base $b$ is distributed uniformly in the sense that each of the $b$ digit values has the same natural density $\frac{1}{b}$, ...
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Existence of a measurable map between metric spaces
Let $X$ and $Y$ be separable complete metric spaces (if necessary, they may be assumed to be compact). Let $R\subset X\times Y$ be a closed subset such that the projection of $R$ to $X$ is onto.
Is ...
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Antirandom reals
This is a crossposting of https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1446602/anti-random-reals, which has not gotten any answers; after thinking about the problem, I've become more convinced that it ...
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A question regarding a common critique of Freiling's Axiom of Symmetry
(In what follows, Freiling's Axiom of Symmetry is simply the following:
($A_{\aleph_0}$) :( $\forall$$f$: $\mathbf R$ $\rightarrow$$\mathbf R_{\aleph_0}$)($\exists$$x_1$,$x_2$)($x_2$$\notin$$f$($x_1$...
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Reference request: Darboux properties of real-valued set functions (measures, densities, etc.)
Fix a set $S$ and let $f: \mathcal P(S) \rightharpoonup \mathbf R$ be a real-valued partial function on the power set of $S$; denote by $\mathcal D$ the domain of $f$. We say that $f$ has:
(i) the ...
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interpret of Picone inequality for non-regular functions
Assume $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N$, $ N>4 $ is open set.
There is a well-known picone identity that says
Let $u,v \in C^2(\Omega)$ satisfy $v>0$ and $-\Delta v \geq 0$ in $\Omega$. The ...
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Riemannian Measures, Densities and Radon–Nikodym Theorem
If $M$ is a smooth manifold and $\mu$ is a $1$-density thereon then we may define a Borel measure (on Borel sets $A$) on $M$ as:
\begin{equation}
\nu(A) = \int_M I_A \mu.
\end{equation}
My question ...
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$\langle X\rangle_t = t$
Suppose $B_t$ is a standard Brownian motion in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $X_t = |B_t|$. What is the easiest way to see that$$\langle X\rangle_t = t?$$I need this result for a simulation I am running...
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Sets not containing the vertices of unit triangles (Question posed by Erdős)
Following this post, I have been thinking about the problem posed by Erdős,
Does there exist a constant $c > 0$ such that every subset $A$ of the plane of area more than $c$ contains the ...
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A question of Erdős
In the following paper (pages 122-23), Erdős asks if there is a constant $c > 0$ such that every subset $A$ of plane of area more than $c$ contains the vertices of a triangle of unit area.
Is this ...
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Can the integral of a "generic" bounded measurable function be determined by its values on the rationals?
[This question is an extension of my question Does a positive-measure subset of the unit interval almost surely intersect a random translation of some countable subgroup of $\mathbb{R}$?. I'm asking ...
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Multiplicity of a subcovering in spaces of given Hausdorff dimension
Let $X$ be a locally compact metric space of integer Hausdorff dimension $n$. Let $K\subset X$ be a compact subset. Let $\{B_i\}_i$ be a finite family of balls covering $K$. One may assume that all ...
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General Markov Chains on same Probability Space?
A Markov chain $(X_i)_{i\in \mathbb{N}}$ on a measurable space $(E,\Sigma)$ is (see e.g. Revuz or Meyn/Tweedie) constructed on the following probabilty space.
$$ \Omega = \{ (x_l)_{l \in \mathbb{N}} \...
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Example of measure of non-compactness
I can't understand the following example of measure of non-compactness, which was given in this article.
Definition: A non-negative function $\phi$ defined on the bounded subsets of $X$ will be ...
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Estimate $\sup_n\left|\int_0^1 \left(1-e^{i\alpha_n x}\right) f(x)d\mu(x)\right|$
Let $\mu$ be a singular Borel probability measure on $[0, 1)$, and $f\in L^2(\mu)$. Estimate
$$\sup_n\left|\int_0^1 \left(1-e^{i\alpha_n x}\right) f(x)d\mu(x)\right|$$
where $\alpha_n\in\mathbb R$ and ...
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Coupling Marginals of Distributions on the Sphere
Given a distribution $P_X$ on $\mathbb{R}$, when does there exist a coupling (i.e. joint distribution) $P_{X^n}$ of $X_1,...,X_n$, each distributed according to $P_X$, such that $\sum X_i^2 = n$ ...
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Area defined with $\pm$ closedness
Denote $B_n\subset\Bbb R^n$ to be unit ball at origin.
Denote $S\subset B_n$ to region of type $\mathsf I$ if it satisfies
$$s\in S\iff\forall t\in S, s+t\in S\mbox{ or }s-t\in S$$
I am convinced $\...
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Approximation of Borel sets by a countable collection of majorants
Is there a countable collection $(E_n)_{n \in \mathbf{N}}$ of Borel subsets of $I = [0,1]$ such that, for every Borel subset $E$ of $I$ and every $\epsilon > 0$ there exists $n,m$ with $E_n \subset ...
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dual space of a subspace of the space of bounded measures
Let $\mathcal{M}=\mathcal{M}(\mathbb{R})$ be the space of bounded measures. Equipped with the weak convergence, the dual space of $\mathcal{M}$ is $\mathcal{C}_b(\mathbb{R})$ consisting of continuous ...
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joining or coupling
given two shift invariant measures in the Bernoulli space $\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$, is there a way to construct joinings of them? It's very diffcult, in general, to find exactly the minimal joining i.e, ...
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The union of weighted compact supported continuous function
Let $\Omega\subset \mathbb R^N$ be open. Given a weight function $v\geq 1$ such that $v\in L^1_{\text{loc}}(\Omega)$ and $l.s.c$. Also supposethere exists a Lipschitz continuous sequence $v_n$ such ...
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Failure of a push-forward to be sigma-finite
Let $X$ and $Y$ be locally compact, second countable spaces, and let $φ:X→Y$ be a measurable function. Let $μ$ be a sigma-finite measure on $X$. In general, the push-forward $\phi_{*}\mu$ is not sigma-...
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A Banach-Tarski game
This is partially inspired by the question https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1383397/cutting-a-banach-tarski-cake, which I find intriguing if unclearly written.
A paradoxical family of subsets ...
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Is the space of vectorial functions that are Dunford integrable complete?
Let $X$ a Banach Space and $(\Omega, \Sigma, \mu)$ a measure space. A function $F:\Omega\rightarrow X$ is Dunford integrable if $x^\ast\circ F$ is $\mu$-integrable for every $x^\ast\in X^\ast$. The ...
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Hausdorff dimension of a Cantor-like set
Suppose $K$ is a subset of $[0,1]$ with the following property: for almost $x,y \in K$, we have
$$\frac{x+y}{2} \not\in K.$$
(Here, "almost in $K$" means "in $K$ except for a countable subset").
...
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A canonical example of the non-existence of predictive probability distribution
Section 3 of Fortini et al. (2000) states that
Given $(X^\infty, \mathcal X^\infty,P)$, a predictive probability distribution of $x_n$ given $(x_1, \dots, x_{n-1})$ with respect to $P$ need not ...
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Uniform $L_1$ convergence implies uniform convergence pointwise a.e.
Let $\Omega$ be a measure space (which can be assumed to be an interval with Lebesgue measure).
It is well known that for a sequence $(f_n)$ in $L^1(\Omega)$ which converges to zero (in $L^1(\Omega)$,...
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Good examples of random variables whose image is not a measurable set?
Are their simple/natural examples of real-valued Borel-measurable random variables whose image is not a Borel set? Something that occurs "naturally"?
I am teaching Doob's lemma (for two real-valued ...
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Does every set of reals contain a measure-zero set of the same cardinality? Does it contain a meager set of the same cardinality?
This question arises from an issue in my post on Ashutosh's excellent question on Restrictions of the null/meager ideal.
Question 1. Does every set of reals contain a measure-zero subset
of the same ...
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Are functions whose partial derivatives are simple functions dense in $W^{1,\infty}$?
In a 2D domain, are the functions whose partial derivatives are simple functions dense in $W^{1,\infty}$ ?
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If $f : [-a,a] \rightarrow \mathbb{IR}$ is Scott continuous, why are $f^-$ and $f^+$ measurable?
In "A domain theoretic account of Picard's theorem" (http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dirk/Publications/icalp2004.pdf), the authors assert the following.
Let $\mathbb{IR}$ be the interval domain $\lbrace [a^-...
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