Questions tagged [probabilistic-number-theory]
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On probability of coprimality of a list of numbers
We know $r$ randomly chosen integers are coprime with probability $\frac1{\zeta(r)}$.
Pick a bound $N$ and pick $k\lceil N^{\alpha}\rceil$ uniformly random integers in $[0,N^{\alpha+\beta}]$ where $\...
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Is there an Erdős–Kac theorem for number of divisors?
Erdős–Kac theorem gives average number of prime factors of an integer.
Is there a theorem which concerns average number of divisors of an integer?
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Freeman Dyson's approach to string theory [closed]
Context:
In celebrating the centenary of Ramanujan's birth, Freeman Dyson presented the following career advice for talented young physicists [1]:
My dream is that I will live to see the day when our ...
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Is $\lim_{s \rightarrow 1} E(f(X_s)) = \lim_{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^N f(k)$?
Let $s>1$ be a real number. We look at the zeta probability function / Zipf probability function defined as:
$$P(X = n) = \frac{1}{n^s \zeta(s)}$$
Suppose $f: \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ is ...
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Ways of proving normal distribution (with a view towards Selberg's central limit theorem)
Given an random variable $Y:\Omega \to \mathbb{R}$ with finite mean $\mu$ and finite, positive variance $\sigma^2$, let $X = \frac{Y-\mu}{\sigma}$ be the renormalization with mean $0$ and variance $1$....
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Maximum entropy methods for probabilistic number theory
Might there be a good survey paper on the application of maximum entropy inference for non-trivial problems in probabilistic number theory?
So far I am aware of the work of Ioannis Kontoyiannis, an ...
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Erdős–Kac and Poisson
This Wikipedia article tells us that the Erdős–Kac theorem says that if $\omega$ is the number of distinct prime factors of $n$ then:
loosely speaking, the probability distribution of $$ \frac{\omega(...
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Almost evenly distributed spherical random vectors
Consider $n$ i.i.d spherically distributed random vectors $z_1 ,\cdots , z_n \sim \text{Unif}(\mathbb{S}^{d-1})$. What is the best lower bound on $n$ for which whp there exists a constant $c>0$ ...
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Upper bound for an infinite series of Pochhammer Symbol
Let $a_n = \frac{1}{n!}\prod_{i=0}^{n-1} (r+\alpha i)$, for constants $0<r, \alpha<1$. The series is convergent by the ratio test. I want to find the exact value or maybe an upper bound for the ...
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How differently would we model the distribution of primes if prime gap is larger?
Cramer's conjecture based on his random model provides prime gaps are bound by $O(\log^2p_n)$ where the gap is between $(n+1)$th and $n$th prime.
How differently would primes be modeled if gaps of $O(...
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The uniform “probability” on $\mathbf{N}$: What occurs beyond logarithmic density?
This is a follow-up to Question #47134. There is obviously no uniform probability distribution on $\mathbf{N}$ (or $\mathbf{Z}$); however, using the notion of amenability, you can show that any ...
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Kubilius model in higher sieve dimension?
The Kubilius model, based on the fundamental lemma of sieve theory, let us approximate the probability of events depending on the variables $X_p$, $p\leq y$, where $X_p=1$ if $p|n$ ($n$ a random ...
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On the $\mathsf{LCM}$ of a set of integers defined by moduli of powers
For integers $a,b,t$ define $$\mathcal R_t(a,b)=\{q\in\mathbb Z\cap[1,\min(a^t,b^t)]: a^t\equiv b^t\bmod q\}$$ and $\mathsf{LCM}(\mathcal R_t(a,b))$ to be $\mathsf{LCM}$ of all entries in $\mathcal ...
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A variant of Turán–Kubilius inequality
Let $\omega(n)$ the number of distinct prime factors of $n$ (counted without multiplicity). A famous consequence of Turán–Kubilius inequality is
$$
\sum_{n\leq x}(\omega(n)-\log\log x)^2=O(x\log \log ...
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Is there a connection of prime numbers and extreme value theory?
As most others are, so am I fascinated by primes.
By the theorem of Euclid and the sieve of Eratosthenes the $ k \ge 2$ - th prime is given by:
$$ p_k = \min_{x>1,\gcd(x,p_1 \cdots p_{k-1})=1} x ...
user6671
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Small linear relations between primitive Pythagorean triples $\mathsf{II}$
WillJagy answered a linear relation question on Pythagorean Triples in Small linear relations between primitive Pythagorean triples $\mathsf I$.
Now let $a^2+b^2=c^2$ be a primitive Pythagorean ...
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Small linear relations between primitive Pythagorean triples $\mathsf I$
Say $a^2+b^2=c^2$ is a primitive Pythagorean triple. Then consider the Linear Diophantine Equation
$$ua^2+vb^2+xab+ybc+zca=0$$ where $(u,v,x, y, z)\in\mathbb Z^4$ are variables. If $(u,v,x, y, z)\neq(...
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Funny questions about Moebius Function
I need to firstly claim that my research is not about number theory, however, I am pretty interested in it, especially funny questions in number theory, e.g. Kollatz Conjecture. Three years ago, I ...
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Probabilistic interpretation of square free numbers and other properties
We can use the Lindberg condition to show the distribution of number of prime divisors of an integer approaches Gaussian.
Is there a similar probabilistic formulation for square free numbers? That is,...
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Smooth integers with lower bound on $\omega(n)$
Define $(b,c)$-smooth integers to be integers having all prime factors bigger than $c$ and smaller than $b$.
Probability a number is $(b,1)$-smooth is governed by the Dickman function while ...
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Non-asymptotic results in probabilistic number theory
I'm a beginner. When I searched for results in probabilistic number theory most of the results were asymptotic in nature. Are there any results like with probability 1-$\epsilon$ (w.h.p) some property ...
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Approximately satisfying simultaneous vector linear diophantine equations?
Pick three $a,b,c$ vectors in $\mathbb Z^n$ uniformly with $\max(\|a\|_\infty,\|b\|_\infty)<T$ and $\|c\|_\infty<T^2$ and an $\epsilon>0$.
Assume $a$ and $b$ are coordinatewise coprime (...
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Deterministically finding a subsequence of integers matching modular roots?
Take two integers $n$ and $m$ with $0<\log_2m<n<m$ and let $r_1=f_1(n)\bmod m$ and $r_2=f_2(n)\bmod m$ for functions $f_1,f_2:\mathbb Z\rightarrow\mathbb Z$.
Denote the $\ell$ roots of $(f_i(...
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What is the probability of 'yes' to this likely $coNP$ problem?
Pick a set of primitive (gcd of coordinates is $1$) integer points $\mathcal T$ in $\mathbb Z^n$.
Denote the set of $n$ many algebraically independent homogeneous system of polynomials (thus zero-...
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Probability of small solutions to an uniform random linear diophantine equation?
Take the set $$T(c_1,\dots,c_t)=\{(x_1,\dots,x_t)\in\mathbb Z^t\backslash\{(0,\dots,0)\}:\sum_{i=1}^tc_ix_i\equiv0\bmod q\}$$ where $c_1,\dots,c_t\in(-q/2,q/2)\cap\mathbb Z$.
What is probability ...
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How many roots of polynomial in $\mathbb Z[x]$ and $\mathbb Q[x]$ are integers on average?
Given $d,B>0$ the number of polynomials in $\mathbb Z[x]$ of degree $d$ and coefficient size at most $B$ have at least one integer roots should be $B^{O(d)}f(d)$ at some function $f$ (from Random ...
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Does a weighted sequence derived from a sequence matching the Siegel lemma BV bound behave as an uniformly random sequence?
Pick integers $r_1',\dots,r_t'$ that achieve the Bombieri Vaaler bound for the Siegel lemma and find an $m$ (it exists by Dirichlet Pigeonhole) such that given prime $T$ gets $m(r_1',\dots,r_t')\equiv(...
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Modular root of $-1$
Take two distinct coprime integers $a,b$ and take $q=a^2+b^2$. Consider the equation $(xy^{-1})^2\equiv-1\bmod q$. The solutions are two roots which correspond to $(x,y)=(a,b)$ and $(x,y)=(b,a)$. Look ...
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On distribution of size of integer points in a subspace associated to a linear diophantine equation
Take $A,B,C,D$ pairwise coprime with $$n<A,B,C,D<2n$$ $$
n/4<|A−B|,|C−D|,|A−C|,|A−D|,|B−C|,|B−D|$$ and consider the space of solutions to $ACa+ADb+BCc+BDd=0$ spanned by $3\times 4$ matrix
$$N=...
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Improving prime number generation probability?
Deterministic generation of primes in polynomial time is unknown.
Is there a way to probablistically in $O(n^c)$ time bound for some $c>0$ generate polynomially $\Omega(n^c)$ many integers in $[0,...
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$L^\infty$ norm lower bound for Integer points in null spaces of recursively defined integer vectors?
Letting $\otimes$ be matrix kronecker/tensor product with $n\in\Bbb N$ as a parameter define non-negative integer vectors recursively $$v_1=\begin{bmatrix}a_1&b_1\end{bmatrix}\in\Bbb Z_{>0}^2$$
...
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Generalized notion of divisor function?
Divisor function $d(n,m)$ counts the number of $q\in\Bbb N$ with $b<q<m$ such that $n\bmod q\equiv0$.
Given $b>0$ what is the correct asymptotic, probabilistic and average case behavior of ...
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Occurrence of simultaneous small remainders?
Fix $(a,b)=1$, $a<b<2a$ and $a,b>n^{1/(2t)}$ and fix a prime $T\approx n^{\tau+\frac1k}$ where $\tau\geq1$ and $k=2(t-1)$. We can show using exponential sums there is an $m_{_T}$ such that $T/...
user94040
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If normal with respect to prime base then normal for all bases
I tried to find it on internet but couldn't so m asking this here. I want to ask if a number is normal with respect to all prime number base then do we know that it is normal with respect to any base. ...
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Asymptotic estimate for a random model of primes
Question
Let
$$
\pi_{rm_c}(x) = \sum_{ \substack{ {n\leq x}\\{(n+a,P(\sqrt{n}))=1}}} 1-1,
$$
where $P(x)$ is the product of all primes less or equal to $x$ and $a$ is a random integer constrained to ...
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Exact statistics in the Frobenius coin problem
The Frobenius coin problem guarantees that if $(a,b)=1$, then
$$ax+by$$ does not represent exactly $\frac{(a-1)(b-1)}2$ numbers all below $g(a,b)=ab-a-b$ if $x,y\geq0$ holds.
Assume $m\in[0,ab-a-b]$ ...
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Reference request: Darboux properties of real-valued set functions (measures, densities, etc.)
Fix a set $S$ and let $f: \mathcal P(S) \rightharpoonup \mathbf R$ be a real-valued partial function on the power set of $S$; denote by $\mathcal D$ the domain of $f$. We say that $f$ has:
(i) the ...
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Relative-totient function (2nd attempt)
Let $\Lambda(x,y)$ be the count of totatives of $x$ that are less than or equal to $y$.
I am asking for the following result to be verified, (particularly the final proposal), I have found no ...
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The number of totatives to the nth primorial, in an interval shorter than the nth primorial
(The notation of this question will be improved over the next few days, sorry for the lack of clarity at the moment.)
Can, and if so when can, we determine the amount of natural numbers which are ...
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Probability that an integer contains no $1\bmod 4$ prime factor
$n$ represents integer variable.
What is the probability that and integer contains at most $r(n)$ prime factors of form $1\bmod 4$ where $r(n)$ is a function of $\omega(n)$ (number of distinct prime ...
user76479
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Number of distinct factors
Denote $\omega(m)$ to be number of distinct factors of $m$ as defined in http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DistinctPrimeFactors.html.
At every $c>0$, given $n\in\Bbb N$ define $$S(n,c)=\big\{m\in\Bbb N:...
user76479
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How many random matrices does it take to generate a matrix algebra?
Let $\mathbb{F}$ be a finite field.
Let $A\le \mbox{Mat}_n(\mathbb{F})$ be a matrix algebra.
Is there a good bound on the number $k$ of random elements $a_1,\dots,a_k\in A$
that one needs to take ...
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How many integers divide a number that involves just three non-zero digits?
Just to be concrete, consider the digits to be binary. Hasse showed that among all the primes, only a fraction of $17/24 < 1$ divide a number of the form $2^n+1$. As a result, the integers that ...
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In which orders can the numbers of prime factors of consecutive integers be?
Let $\omega(m)$ be the number of distinct prime divisors of a positive integer $m>1$. I am interested in the relative orders in which the numbers $\omega(n+1),...,\omega(n+k)$ can occur.
Given a ...
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Ratio of consecutive divisors and average
Let $2\leq d_1 < d_2,...,d_l < n$ be all the proper nontrivial divisors of $n$. I like to understand how much these divisors deviates from each other. Here are two questions in this regard:
(1) ...
- 847
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Distribution function for divisors of an Integer
For a fixed $n$, let $D_n(x) = \{ d|n : d \leq x \}$ . We assume here $p \leq x \leq n/p$,
where $p$ is the smallest prime factor of $n$.
For example if $n = p^i$ for some prime $p$ then $D_n(x) \...
- 847
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expected number of shared 1s between two binary strings from a given set
Let say, I have two binary strings with length N, chosen from a set where there are $2^N-K,(K \ge 0)$ independent strings. What would be the expected number of Ones at the same index from two randomly ...
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Convergence of moments implies convergence to normal distribution
I have a sequence $\{X_n\}$ of random variables supported on the real line, as well as a normally distributed random variable $X$ (whose mean and variance are known but irrelevant). I know that the ...
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Relation between the densities of two functions and their additive convolution?
Suppose that for two integral-valued arithmetic functions $f_i$ ($i=1,2$), the following values are known:
$$ \lim_{n\to \infty} \frac{ \{n:f_i(n) \text{ is odd}\}\cap \{0,1,\ldots, n-1\} }{n}.$$
(In ...
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using distribution of primes to generate random bits?
In his popular science book The Music of the Primes, Marcus du Sautoy tries to link the truth of the Riemann Hypothesis to the "randomness" of the primes. To do this, he invokes the idea of a "fair ...
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