Questions tagged [bernoulli-numbers]
The Bernoulli numbers are the rational numbers $B_n$ defined as the coefficients in the expansion $\frac{x}{e^x-1} = \sum_{n \geq 0} B_n \frac{x^n}{n!}$. They vanish when $n$ is odd and greater than $2$. They appear in the values at integers of the Riemann $\zeta$ function. These classical numbers play an important role in number theory and in several other places in mathematics.
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Drunken X-mas polynomials for graphs
Given a finite connected graph $\Gamma$ with vertices $\lbrace 1,\ldots,N\rbrace$,
we can consider the polynomial
$$\sum_{\pi\in\mathcal S_N}x^{\sum_{j=1}^Nd_\Gamma(j,\pi(j))}$$
where $\mathcal S_N$ ...
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Fermat last theorem : proof of a criterion by Cauchy
In 13 Lectures on Fermat's Last Theorem, Ribenboim states the following theorem (on page 7) attributed to Cauchy:
If the first case of Fermat's theorem fails for the exponent $p$, then the sum:
$$ 1^{...
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Generalized Bernoulli numbers
In Euler–Maclaurin formula Bernoulli numbers express a finite sum through the integral. In my generalization a finite sum is expressed through another finite sum with a different step. All that is ...
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Where to find or how to prove that the ratio of two Bernoulli polynomials is increasing?
It is well known that the classical Bernoulli polynomials $B_j(t)$ are generated by
\begin{equation*}
\frac{s\operatorname{e}^{ts}}{\operatorname{e}^s-1}=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}B_j(t)\frac{s^j}{j!}, \quad ...
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Identities for Bernoulli numbers
I arrived at this formula by inductive reasoning, but I don’t know how to prove it.
For any natural numbers $m$ and $k=0,1,2,\ldots, m-1$, $B_i$ - Bernoulli numbers we have:
$$\sum_{i=0}^k (-1)^{k-i}\...
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Kummer's congruence at $p=3$
Let $B_{2k}$ be the Bernoulli numbers of even index and $\varphi(n)$ be Euler's totient function. We recall one instance of Kummer's congruences: for each integer $m\geq1$ and a prime number $p\geq5$, ...
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Combinatorial interpretation of Sylvester–Lipschitz formula?
If we denote the Bernoulli numbers by $B_n$, then
$$ {a^{k+1}(a^{2k} - 1) B_{2k} \over 2k}\in \mathbb{Z}$$
for any $a\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $k\in\mathbb{N}$. This fact is often called the Sylvester–...
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Is there a prime factor that in the numerator of Bernoulli number $B_{2n}$ strictly greater than $2n$ for any $n>7$?
As well known, Bernoulli number $B_{2n}$ is a rational number which can always be shown as $B_{2n}=V_{2n}/A_{2n}$ , where $\gcd(V_{2n}, A_{2n})=1$.
For example, $B_{16}=\frac{3617}{-510}$ and $3617$ ...
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Zeta function associated with a function $f$
Let the function $f(t) = \cos(at)$, where ($0 < a < 1$). Let us define
$$\zeta(z, f) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(z)} \int_0^{+\infty} \frac{t^{z-1}\cos(at)}{e^t-1}\, dt.
$$
Is there a general formula that ...
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A combinatorial triangle for the Bernoulli numbers
Motivation: We informally call an infinite lower triangular matrix
$\operatorname{T}(n, k)$ of integers a combinatorial triangle of a sequence of integers or
rational numbers if it can be obtained ...
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Anti-concentration for Bernoulli summation
Suppose $\{ Y_i\}_{i = 1}^n$ is i.i.d. Bernoulli distribution with mean $p$. Denote the sample of $\{ Y_i\}_{i = 1}^n$ as $\overline{Y} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^n Y_i$. I want to know where there ...
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Ask for a proof of an inequality involving the Bernoulli numbers
Let $B_k$ be the Bernoulli numbers and let
\begin{equation}
T_k=\frac{2^{2k}}{(2k)!}|B_{2k}|, \quad k\ge1.
\end{equation}
Prove the inequality
\begin{equation*}
\frac{\frac{1}{k+2}\sum_{j=0}^{k+1}\...
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Hankel determinants for some convolutions of Catalan numbers
Let $c(x)=\frac{1-\sqrt{1-4x}}{2x}$ be the generating function of the Catalan numbers and let $$x^k c(x)^{2k}=(c(x)-1)^k =\sum_{n\geq0}c(k,n)x^n.$$
Consider the determinants $$D(k,n,m)= \det\left(c(k,...
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A non-$p$-adic proof of a congruence of Bernoulli numbers
In A Multimodular Algorithm for Computing Bernoulli Numbers, Harvey uses the following congruence for Bernoulli numbers:
$$B_k \equiv \frac{k}{1-c^k} \sum_{x=1}^{p-1} x^{k-1} h_c(x)\quad(\text{mod}\ p)...
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A question about generalized harmonic numbers modulo $p$
Let $p \equiv 1 \pmod{3}$ be a prime and denote $H_{n,m} = \sum_{k = 1}^n 1/k^m$ as the $n,m$-th generalized harmonic number. I'm interested in computing $H_{(p-1)/3,\, 2}$ and $H_{(p-1)/6,\,2}$ ...
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Ask for a proof of an identity involving the product of two Bernoulli numbers
It is well known that the Bernoulli numbers $B_{k}$ for $k\in\{0,1,2,\dotsc\}$ can be generated by
\begin{equation*}
\frac{z}{\textrm{e}^z-1}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty B_k\frac{z^k}{k!}=1-\frac{z}2+\sum_{k=1}^...
- 1,101
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Ask for a reference or a proof of an identity involving a finite sum and the Bernoulli numbers
Let $B_{n}$ for $n\ge0$ denote the Bernoulli number generated by
\begin{equation*}
\frac{z}{\textrm{e}^z-1}=\sum_{n=0}^\infty B_n\frac{z^n}{n!}=1-\frac{z}2+\sum_{n=1}^\infty B_{2n}\frac{z^{2n}}{(2n)!},...
- 1,101
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Interpreting umbral calculus in terms of some kind of extended numbers
I know that currently umbral calculus is developed as some kind of theory of operators and functionals but were there any attempts to put it on a more solid philosophical grounds as study of functions ...
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Question about infinitude of $m$-irregular primes
Let $p>2$ be a prime, $\zeta$ a primitive $p$th root of unity, and $m >0$ a square-free integer such that $m \not\equiv 3 \mod 4$ and $\gcd(m,p)=1$. Let $\chi$ be the imaginary quadratic ...
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Analogue of Fermat's little theorem for Bernoulli numbers
Is the following analogue of Fermat's Little Theorem for Bernoulli numbers true?
Let $D_{2n}$ be the denominator of $\frac{B_{2n}}{4n}$ where $B_n$ is
the $n$-th Bernoulli number. If $\gcd(a, D_{2n}) ...
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Simplifying a rational function in terms of Bernoulli numbers and polynomials
Faulhaber's formula expresses a sum over some finite number of naturals to the $m^{th}$ power in terms of the Bernoulli numbers $B_{j}$ (using the $B_{1} = 1/2$ convention) or polynomials $\hat{B}_{j}$...
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An operation is defined on polynomials. How do I generalize it to other classes of functions?
I am currently researching divergent integrals.
Definition. An extended number is an expression of the form $\int_a^b f(x)\,dx$, where $a,b\in \overline{\mathbb{R}}$ and function $f(x)$ is defined ...
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A novel identity connecting permanents to Bernoulli numbers
For a matrix $[a_{j,k}]_{1\le j,k\le n}$ over a field, its permanent is defined by
$$\mathrm{per}[a_{j,k}]_{1\le j,k\le n}:=\sum_{\pi\in S_n}\prod_{j=1}^n a_{j,\pi(j)}.$$
In a recent preprint of mine, ...
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Asymptotically similar functions with opposite parity, were they considered, are they useful? Case of polynomials
So, can we transform an even function into an odd function and vice versa?
Let's consider this method:
Transformation even->odd:
Suppose $f_{even}(x)$ is a function which satisfies the following ...
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Prove $ \sum_{i=0}^{2a+1} {2a+1 \choose i} B_{2a+1-i} [ (n+1)^i+(-n)^i ] =0 $ for Bernoulli numbers $B_{n}$
Prove for the Bernoulli numbers $B_n$, that for all $a \in \mathbb{N}$, that $ \sum_{i=0}^{2a+1} {2a+1 \choose i} B_{2a+1-i} [ (n+1)^i+(-n)^i ] =0 $. As much as this is a neat identity, it's a crucial ...
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Conjecture on bernoulli numbers and binomial coefficients
Crossposted from
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4116414/conjecture-on-bernoulli-numbers-and-binomial-coefficients
In playing around with some formulas, I have come up with the following ...
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Nicely motivated papers or book chapters on the formula for the sum of the $k$-th powers of the first natural numbers [closed]
Do you know of a text where I can find a nicely motivated proof of the formula for $1^{k}+2^{k}+\cdots+n^{k}$?
At the very beginning of page 68 of Professor H. S. Wilf's generatingfunctionology, one ...
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Bernoulli & Betti numbers (of manifolds) and the prime 34511
The purpose of this question is to resolve a mystery surrounding the prime 34511 that has got me bogged down for a while now. If you only care about the number theory and not the motivation coming ...
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Do Bernoulli polynomials know about face vectors?
This question is grounded firmly in numerology. It originates in an observation about some Bernoulli polynomials and the regular icosahedron. Let $F_{k+1}(n)=\sum_{i=1}^n i^k$ be the sum of the ...
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Combinatorial interpretation for Möbius-poly-Bernoulli numbers
The Möbius-Bernoulli numbers ,are related to Dedekind Sums
$$\sum_{d|n}\frac{t\mu(d)}{e^{td}-1}=\sum_{k=0}^\infty M_k(n)\frac{t^k}{k!}$$ where $|t|<\frac{2\pi}{n}$, and $M_k(1)=B_k$.
We define the ...
user160903
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Claim on divisibility of a power sum
Let $x,y,z$ are integer and $x,y>0$
Define $S(x,y)=1^y+2^y+3^y+...+x^y$
Can it be shown that
If given $z\ne0$ then $S(x,y)\equiv z\pmod{x}$ have finitely many solution of $x$ with respect to $y$.
...
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Analogues over finite fields of certain integers defined multiplicatively in $\mathbb Z$
For any irreducible polynomial $f$ of degree $d$ in finite field $\mathbb F$ we have that $$x^{|\mathbb F|^d}-x\equiv0\bmod f$$ and thus the polynomial $x^{|\mathbb F|^d}-x$ is the analog of factorial ...
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show that sequence $\{(-1)^n\Upsilon_n\}$ is convergent and strictly decreasing
Edit: Few years ago, I have posted my claim on $\Upsilon$ function regarding prime number but recently I have observed, last observation turns false that's way, (by putting $\Upsilon$ value in ...
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Bilinear recurrence relation between even Bernoulli numbers
Throughout this question $n$ is a positive integer greater than 1.
Consider the following well-known identity by Euler,
$$\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} \binom{2n}{2k}B_{2k}B_{2n-2k}=-(2n+1)B_{2n}.$$
Rather ...
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A question on Bernoulli polynomials
Denote by $B_r$ the $r$-th Bernoulli polynomial. Are there any positive integers $r, x$ such that. $B_r(x)$ divides $B_r(x+1)$ or vice versa ?
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Coefficients of shifted Bernoulli polynomials
I stumbled across the following curious empirical properties of the
Bernoulli polynomials $B_n(x)$. Can anyone provide a reference or
proof?
Let $k\in\mathbb{Z}$, $k\geq 2$. Then (empirically):
The ...
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2-adic valuation of $L(0,\chi)$ for a Dirichlet character
Let $\chi : (\mathbb Z/f\mathbb Z)^\times \to K = \mathbb Q(\mu_{\phi(f)})$ be a primitive Dirichlet character. Assume moreover that it is not quadratic, that is, $\chi^2$ is not the trivial character....
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What is this sequence?
This is again a question that I asked at Stack Exchange, but got no answer so far, so I am trying here.
Let:
$$ a_n=\sum_{k\ge0}(k+1) {n+2\brack k+2}(n+2)^kB_k$$
$B_k$ is the Bernoulli number. ${n\...
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Bernoulli sum meets golden number
Let $B_n$ denote the Bernoulli numbers and let $\phi=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}2$ be the golden ratio.
I encountered the following infinite sum and would like to ask:
Question. Is this true? If so, any ...
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Roots of Bernoulli polynomials - a pattern
Contemplating a question on math.SE, I have stumbled on this:
Here, the point labeled $n$ is that root of the $n$th Bernoulli polynomial which has smallest positive imaginary part.
Does anyone know ...
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Transformation converting power series to Bernoulli polynomial series
I wonder, can anyone describe an expression or formula of a transform that converts
$$\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{a_k x^k}{k!}$$
into
$$\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{a_k B_k(x)}{k!}$$
where $B_k(x)$ are ...
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Any reference for the series expansion of $\Bigr[-\log(1-t)\Bigr]^x$?
Any reference that we can find the following $$\Bigr[-\log(1-t)\Bigr]^x = t^x + x t^x \sum_{k=0}^\infty \psi_k(x+k)\,t^{k+1}; \quad \mbox{for all} \, x\in \mathbb R, \, |t|<1$$
where $\psi_k(.)$ ...
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Values of Bernoulli polynomials at roots of unity
I am wondering if there are any nice results on the values of Bernoulli polynomials at roots of unity, besides those at 1 or -1.
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Connection between Bernoulli numbers and Riemann-Siegel theta function?
I have come across a strange approximation for the Riemann-Siegel theta function involving the Bernoulli numbers - namely that
$$\frac{1}{2} \log \left| B_{2 n}\right|\approx \vartheta (2n)\ ,\quad n ...
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divisibility by Bernoulli numbers of discriminant of Hecke algebra over the space of modular forms of level 1
For the space of modular forms and the space of cusp forms (here I only care about the level $1$ case), we have the action by Hecke algebras. Therefore, we can calculate the discriminant of this ...
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Estimate of the sum Taylor's coefficients
Let
$f(x) = \begin{cases}\ln\frac{x}{e^x-1}, \quad x > 0; \\ 0, \quad\qquad x=0; \\ \ln\frac{x}{e^x-1}, \quad x < 0. \end{cases}$
Power series in 0:
$f(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_n x^n = -\frac{...
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Probability of the maximum of a throw of an infinite number of $n$-sided dice being $k$ [closed]
Let $X$ be the random variable obtained as the maximum of a throw of $m$ dice (each of which is $n$-sided). In other words, $X = \max\{l_1,\cdots, l_m\}$ where $l_i$ can take any value between $1$ and ...
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Why do $12$ and $120$ occur very often in the denominators of $\zeta(-n)$ for odd $n$?
$\zeta(-n) = - \dfrac{B_{n+1}}{n+1}$
$\zeta(-2n) = 0$
$\zeta(-1) = - \dfrac{1}{12}$
$\zeta(-3) = \dfrac{1}{120}$
$\zeta(-5) = - \dfrac{1}{252}$
$\zeta(-7) = \dfrac{1}{240}$
$\zeta(-9) = - \dfrac{...
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How naturally can functions defined by parametric integrals be interpolated from $\mathbb N$ to $\mathbb R^+$?
It is well known that several definite integrals $I_n$ containing a parameter $n\in\mathbb N$ can be expressed recursively (e.g. doing integration by parts) in terms of $I_{n-1} $ or $I_{n-2} $, and ...
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For a given even integer $k >14$ is there always a prime $p$ such that $k \leq p-3$ and $p|B_k$?
Let $k$ be a sufficiently large positive even integer. (I think $k > 14$ should do.) Can one always find a prime $p$ such that $p$ divides the numerator of the $k$-th Bernoulli number $B_k$ and $k \...
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