All Questions
Tagged with pr.probability nt.number-theory
60 questions with no upvoted or accepted answers
18
votes
0
answers
667
views
The lonely molecule
Suppose $n$ air molecules (infinitesimal points) are bouncing around in
a unit $d$-dimensional cube, with perfectly elastic wall collisions.
Let $k=n^{\frac{1}{d}}$.
For example, in 3D, $d=3$, with $n=...
- 151k
11
votes
0
answers
307
views
Entropy, magnitude, diversity of finite metric spaces in number theory
I was reading the article by Tom Leinster, (Maximizing
diversity in biology and beyond, arXiv link), and find it very interesting.
Since I was searching for entropies of finite metric spaces I found
...
user6671
8
votes
0
answers
553
views
Hasse-Weil Bound and Chebyshev Inequality
I was reading about the Hasse-Weil bound for the number of points in on a curve over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$.
$$ \big| |C(\mathbb{F}_q)| - (q+1) \big| \leq 2g \sqrt{q} $$
However, this ...
- 22.8k
7
votes
0
answers
134
views
Why does this oddly nice lognormal shape come out of tree?
I was reading this paper and came across the Euclid tree. For a simple version of this tree, consider an infinite binary tree rooted with the triple $(1,2,3)$. Then for each vertex $(x,y,z)$, its left ...
- 71
7
votes
0
answers
222
views
Projected polar chessboard measure convergence in total variation?
$\newcommand\R{\mathbb R}\newcommand\C{\mathbb C}\newcommand\ga{\gamma}$For natural $n$, let $E_n$ be the set of all points in $\R^2$ with "polar coordinates" $(r,t)$ in the set
$$F_n:=\...
- 128k
7
votes
0
answers
267
views
Can primes be (almost) random sequence in von Mises sense?
Random models for primes (such as Cramer's model) have been extensively used for informal justification of various conjectures involving primes. It is crucial to understand in what sense sequence of ...
- 7,182
6
votes
0
answers
177
views
Determinant arising in a problem from probability
Consider the determinant:
$$\Delta:=
\left|\begin{array}{cccc}
A_{j_1} & A_{k_1} & A_{j_1}A_{k_1} & 1 \\
A_{j_2} & A_{k_2} & A_{j_2}A_{k_2} & 1 \\
A_{j_3 } & A_{k_3 } &...
- 783
6
votes
0
answers
360
views
Examples in which probabilistic heuristic reasoning fails
There are examples of conjectures in which one can use probabilistic heuristic reasoning to show that they are very likely to be true. For instance, Freeman Dyson used probabilistic heuristic ...
- 2,649
6
votes
0
answers
671
views
Is there a probabilistic interpretation of Dedekind zeta functions?
Reading the interesting paper Honest Bernoulli excursions by Smith and Diaconis motivated the question whether probabilistic interpretations for general Dedekind zeta functions are known.
In the ...
- 2,029
5
votes
0
answers
614
views
is there a link with the probabilistic model for prime numbers?
Let $x \in \mathbb{R}_+$ and $k \in \mathbb{N}^{*}$.
Let :
$$\mathcal{A}(x)=\#\{(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k) \in \mathbb{P}^k \mid (a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k \text{ verifying some properties}) \, , a_k \...
- 521
4
votes
0
answers
536
views
Is the integer factorization into prime numbers normally distributed?
Edit:
Sorry, for the inconvenience: I have edited the question, since there was a misconception in my thinking.
Let $P_1(n) := 1$ if $n=1$ and $\max_{q\mid n, \text{ } q\text{ prime}} q$ otherwise, ...
- 3,064
4
votes
0
answers
414
views
Explicit formula for tournament sequence
I am looking for an explicit formula for a sequence. The sequence is generated as follows:
There is a tournament with $10$ teams. In the beginning, all teams have a 0-0 win-loss record. The teams are ...
- 41
4
votes
0
answers
141
views
Local behaviour of fractions with bounded denominator / Was it already studied?
My question is about a point process that I feel it would be natural to study, but that I have never heard of… This point process would represent, morally, the local behaviour of the set of fractions ...
- 284
4
votes
0
answers
105
views
On a much weaker version of the Normal conjecture
I would like to ask you about the following question. It is conjectured that every algebraic irrational number is normal (absolutely normal). I know the result by Bugeaud and Adamczewski about the non-...
- 515
4
votes
0
answers
150
views
Dividing a finite arithmetic progression into two sets of same sum: always the same asymptotics?
This is inspired by the recent question How many solutions $\pm1\pm2\pm3…\pm n=0$.
The oeis entries A063865 linked to this question and A292476/A156700 for the related one "How many solutions $\pm1\...
- 13.4k
4
votes
0
answers
1k
views
Matula-Goebel ordering of rooted trees intrinsic?
I was somewhat recently introduced to the Matula-Goebel bijection between rooted trees and natural numbers. (nicely illustrated here http://keithbriggs.info/matula.html) Looking through them, I ...
- 475
3
votes
0
answers
177
views
What is the expected size of the complement of the union of random cosets of the prime ideals of $\mathbb{Z}$?
For each rational prime $p$ let $\mathbf{X}_p$ denote the random variable uniformly distributed in $\{0, 1, ..., p-1\}$, with all the $\mathbf{X}_p$ independent of each other. Define the coset $\...
- 2,858
3
votes
0
answers
276
views
Infinitely many $n$ such that $\gcd(\lfloor n\sqrt{2}\rfloor, \lfloor n\sqrt{3}\rfloor)=m$
Is it true that for any positive integer $m$ there are infinitely many positive integers $n$ such that $\gcd(\lfloor n\sqrt{2}\rfloor, \lfloor n\sqrt{3}\rfloor)=m$?
$\lfloor x \rfloor$ is the floor ...
- 3,153
3
votes
0
answers
185
views
Lattice points in a rotated product-of-balls
Fix $U$ unitary over $\mathbb{R}^{K},$ take $U_n=I_{n\times n}\otimes U$ and denote the unit ball at 0 in $\mathbb{R}^n$ as $B^n$. For $d_1,\dots,d_K>0$, fix $S_n:=U_n\left(\prod_{k=1}^K d_k B^n\...
3
votes
0
answers
169
views
Why is the smallest (fractional) absolute central moment of a Gaussian distribution almost at $\sqrt{3}/2$?
Let $X$ be a standard normal random variable. What $\alpha$ minimizes $E|X|^{\alpha}$?
Numerically, $\alpha$ turns out to be equal to $\sqrt{3}/2-\varepsilon$ where $\varepsilon$ is of the order $10^...
3
votes
0
answers
286
views
What is the value of this simple game with primes?
Consider the following game. Alice selects an integer $n$ from $[1,b]$, while Bob selects an integer $m$ from $(a,b]$ (for concreteness, you may choose $a=10^{10}$ and $b=10^{1000}$). Alice wins if $m-...
- 781
3
votes
0
answers
420
views
(Expected) Size of smallest singular value of a Vandermonde matrix associated to roots of polynomial
Let $n,H$ two fixed positive integers.
Let $P\in\mathbb{Z}[X]$ a monic integral polynomial of height $H$ and degree $n$ taken uniformly at random (i.e. each of the $n$ free coefficients of $P$ is ...
- 313
3
votes
0
answers
219
views
Expected period of quadratic generator
I am interested in the mean period of a quadratic congruential generator. Let $X_{n+1} = \sum_{i=0}^2 a_i X_n^i \bmod m$ where the $a_i \in \mathbb{Z_m}$ are chosen uniformly at random and $m$ is a ...
- 31
3
votes
0
answers
173
views
Are numbers $h_{r,s} = \sum_{k} P(r;s;k) \frac{1}{n^{2k}} \bigg(1-\frac{1}{n}\bigg)^{n-2k}$ irrational?
I asked this question on MSE and Mike Spivey gave an insightful answer. I decided to put it here nevertheless in case someone else gets interested. If this violates rules on MO, please let me know, I'...
- 151
3
votes
0
answers
143
views
finding rank-3 tensors compatible with a rank-2 tensor projection
I am interested in the following problem: Consider a rank-3 symmetric tensor $\boldsymbol{\sigma}$ with $\sigma_{ijk}$ where $\sigma_{ijk}$ can be 0 or 1, and the symmetry is with respect to any ...
- 41
2
votes
0
answers
114
views
Echoes of the chord
Just a fun problem I thought of.
A man is playing a magical pipe organ - every chord is an integer number of decibals (dB) loud. The softest chord is $0$ dB. Every chord of $N > 0$ dB creates a ...
- 6,213
2
votes
0
answers
118
views
the projection distribution induced by integral points on the sphere
Let $A=\{\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb{Z}^{n}: \|\mathbf{v}\|^2= m \}$ and a fixed $\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{R}^n$, the norm here refers to the Euclidean norm.
Suppose $\mathbf{x}$ is a uniform distribution on ...
- 253
2
votes
0
answers
215
views
An approach to the prime number theorem with Rademacher variables and a recursive formula for the prime pi function?
Consider the bipartite graphs defined here:
Why is this bipartite graph a partial cube, if it is?
We do random walks on them with equal propability and since the graphs are finite and connected the ...
- 3,064
2
votes
0
answers
98
views
Primes as expected values?
This is a follow-up question, which is related to the answer of this quesiton: Is there a connection of prime numbers and extreme value theory?
I will duplicate the answer here, so this question is ...
- 3,064
2
votes
0
answers
87
views
The covariance of certain random variable
We define two random variables $X_n,Y_n $ on the sample space $\{1,2,3,\cdots,n\}$ with counting measure. We denote by $C_n$ the covariance of theses two random variables: $C_n=Cov(X_n,Y_n)$.
...
- 356
2
votes
0
answers
147
views
Is there a way to gain such an estimate?
This problem could be viewed as a polynomial generalization of the Lonely runner conjecture. And $p$, $n$ are taken sufficiently large. Take $n\in \mathbb{N}^*$ fixed, $A_p \subset (\mathbb{Z} / p \...
- 543
2
votes
0
answers
88
views
Example of action of an infinitely countable group that has important ergodic/statistical property?
I work in probability and I am looking for an important example of action of an amenable countable group in other areas of math for which the (pointwise) ergodic theorem is actually quite important. ...
- 21
2
votes
0
answers
299
views
A weighted ergodic average
According to my simulations, it looks like the number of times that the $N$ first iterates $u_0$, $\ldots$, $u_{N-1}$ of the sequence $(u_n)$ defined here meets an interval $I$ is close to $N|I|$ ...
- 2,560
2
votes
0
answers
72
views
Sampling efficiently conditioned on linear constraints modulo both $\mathbb{F}_p$ and $\mathbb{F}_2$
Given a prime $p$ and positive integer $t \ll \log p$ (say $t = \sqrt{\log p}$), is there an algorithm that is polynomial time in $\log p$ to sample uniform $X, Y \in \mathbb{F}_p$ conditioned on the ...
- 305
2
votes
0
answers
192
views
A question related to metric Diophantine approximation
In metric Diophantine approximation you are often interested in finding conditions on $(\phi(q))_{q \geq 1}$ which guarantee that
$$
\left| \alpha - \frac{p}{q} \right| < \frac{\phi(q)}{q}
$$
has ...
- 2,207
2
votes
0
answers
970
views
Is the stationary distribution of this Markov chain uniform?
First, a little bit of background: Since 2012, Canada has decided to phase out the penny for its coinage system. Product prices may still use arbitrary cents, especially since prices do not typically ...
- 29
2
votes
0
answers
146
views
Odds of projections of a point not on the hyperplane
Let $\mathcal{L}=\{\Bbb x\in\Bbb R^n:x_1+x_2+\dots+x_n=0\}$ be a specific hyperplane.
Let a projection of $c\in\Bbb R^n$ be $p(c)=[p_1,p_2,\dots,p_n]$ where $p_i\neq c_i\implies p_i=0$.
Let $\...
- 13.9k
2
votes
0
answers
202
views
Bunimovich stadium bouncing ball
http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2008/07/07/hassells-proof-of-scarring-for-the-bunimovich-stadium/
I cannot relate how the eigenfunctions normalizaed correspond to the probabality distribution of the ...
- 163
2
votes
0
answers
200
views
Generator density in $\mathbb{Z}^*_p$
Hello,
Consider the multiplicative group $(\mathbb{Z}/p)^*$ for a given prime $p$. We know that the number of generators in this group is $\phi(p-1)$ --- the Euleur totient function. The question is, ...
- 175
1
vote
0
answers
150
views
What are alternative mathematical definitions of observers beyond Bennett and Hoffman's framework?
Motivation:
This question is inspired by a talk from Avi Wigderson given on Randomness, where the idea that the randomness is in the eye of the observer is suggested.
In the study of information ...
- 3,064
1
vote
0
answers
87
views
Equidistribution of Frobenius Classes
Let $G$ be a reductive group over $\mathbb{Q}$. Let $K$ be a maximal compact subgroup of $G(\mathbb{C})$. Let $S$ be a finite set of primes. For each prime $p$ not in $S$, let $Frob_p$ be a conjugacy ...
- 11
1
vote
0
answers
143
views
Integer points inside the high-dimensional ball (asymptotics)
Let $N(\alpha, n)$ denote the number of integer points inside the origin-centered ball of radius $\alpha \sqrt n$ in $n$ dimensions, where $\alpha \in (0,\infty)$ is some fixed constant. Precisely:
$$...
- 435
1
vote
0
answers
134
views
Number of ways to place 4 kings on nxn chessboard
I have a $n\times n$ chessboard and 4 kings inside it. My goal is to count the number of arrangements where some of them are non-attacking or mutually attacking, for example:
In the case where the $4$...
- 47
1
vote
0
answers
84
views
Percolative process distribution not equivalent to coupon collector problem distribution
I have a process where; given a $n\times 1$ matrix initially empty, an element is inserted in it at a random position, with the possibility of repeating the insertion at a filled cell. Then, after a ...
- 47
1
vote
0
answers
78
views
In the modular exponentiation, as used with the adaptive root problem, how to chose the best base that will yield as few results as possible?
Let $n,m,w\in\Bbb N$ and $\lambda\in\Bbb P$ such that $w^\lambda \mod m = n$, with the requirements:
$\lambda$ being a random large prime such as $w^\lambda > 2\times m$
$1 < n < m−1$.
m is ...
- 87
1
vote
0
answers
169
views
Normal numbers and law of the iterated logarithm
If I remember correctly, for the binary digits of a real number in $[0,1]$, I was told that satisfying the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL) is stronger than being normal. That is, supposedly, some ...
- 3,098
1
vote
0
answers
123
views
On probability of coprimality of a list of numbers
We know $r$ randomly chosen integers are coprime with probability $\frac1{\zeta(r)}$.
Pick a bound $N$ and pick $k\lceil N^{\alpha}\rceil$ uniformly random integers in $[0,N^{\alpha+\beta}]$ where $\...
- 13.9k
1
vote
0
answers
641
views
Some stuff related to the twin prime conjecture
I am making three statements here, and my question is about statement 2, asking if someone can prove or disprove it. A (possibly weaker) version of statement 2 was proved as an answer to a former ...
- 3,098
1
vote
0
answers
193
views
Theoretical invariant distribution of discrete dynamical systems, including the Riemann Zeta map
Update on 3/10/2021: I added Example 5 in the Appendix. This generic example encompasses the Riemann Zeta dynamical system. A simple version of this post, targeted to engineers, machine learning ...
- 3,098
1
vote
0
answers
72
views
Question regarding a theorem of Erdos and Renyi on $B_2(g)$ sequence
Let $S \subset \mathbb{N}$. We say $S$ is of type $B_2(g)$ if the number of representation
of the form $n = s_1 + s_2 \ (s_1 \leq s_2)$ is bounded by $g$ for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$.
Let $S(n)$ be ...
- 579