All Questions
Tagged with fa.functional-analysis real-analysis
1,447 questions
0
votes
1
answer
88
views
An equation in the convolution measure algebra on reals
Let us consider the measure algebra $M(\mathbb{R})$ consisting of all Radon measures on reals.
Let $\mu$ be a Radon measure in $M(\mathbb{R})$ and $\delta_0$ be the point mass measure concentrated on ...
- 128k
12
votes
2
answers
679
views
Non-sequential spaces in the wild
TLDR: What are examples of (function-)spaces that are not sequential? When does this matter?
As a simple analyst, I am most happy if I can just work with sequences all the time. In most situations ...
- 16.4k
5
votes
1
answer
805
views
Arzelà-Ascoli for $C_b(0,1)$? Or more generally, why is that continuous functions "live most naturally" on compact spaces?
I’m wondering if there is a version of Arzelà-Ascoli for continuous functions on not-necessarily compact metric/Hausdorff spaces $X$, i.e. a characterization of the compact subsets of $C_b(X)$ (under ...
- 16.4k
1
vote
1
answer
115
views
$K(x,y)\in L^{\infty}(R^n\times R^n, m\times m)$, $K(x,y)=K(y,x)$, so $K(x,y)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\lambda_k \phi_k(x)\phi_k(y)$, are $\phi_k$ bounded?
Consider a symmetric function
$$
K(x,y):R^n \times R^n \to R
$$
satisfying $K(x,y)=K(y,x)$ and
$$
\int_{R^n\times R^n} K^2(x,y)dm(x) dm(y) <\infty.
$$
Let $m$ be a probability measure on $R^n$.
...
3
votes
1
answer
374
views
Positive part of Cauchy sequence of Sobolev functions is again Cauchy
Let $p\geq 1$ and consider the space $W^{1,p}(B)$ where $B\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$ is the standard unit ball. Moreover, let $f_{k} \in C^{\infty}(B)$ be a Cauchy sequence in $W^{1,p}(B)$ of smooth ...
- 6,367
3
votes
1
answer
413
views
Schauder basis of $L^1_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb{R}^n,H)$
$\newcommand{\loc}{\mathrm{loc}}$Let $(\mathbb{R}^n,\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^n),\mu)$ denote the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$ with its Borel $\sigma$-algebra $\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ equipped with ...
- 5,405
2
votes
1
answer
74
views
Two variable polynomials that behave like Lagrange polynomials [closed]
Let us consider different points $z_i=(x_i,y_i)$ in the plane where $i=1,\cdots n$.
Q Do there exist two variable polynomials $P_i(x,y)$ with minimal degree such that $P_i(z_j)=\delta_{ij}$?
- 128k
3
votes
1
answer
761
views
Functions dense in $L^1[0,1]$ but not in $L^2[0,1]$
Is there a family of continuous functions $(f_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ on $[0,1]$ whose span is dense in $L^1[0,1]$ for the $L^1$-norm, but not dense in $L^2[0,1]$ for the $L^2$-norm?
Some preliminary ...
- 12.9k
2
votes
1
answer
148
views
The regularity theorem, a non-regular minimizer problem
During my self study to the calculus of variations I come across this problem. Because of my search, I know what I wanted to do but I need some help to do them.
The function $f:[-1,1] \times \mathbb R ...
- 128k
8
votes
1
answer
380
views
Lavrentiev phenomenon between $C^1$ and Lipschitz
Does there exist a (onedimensional) integral functional of calculus of variations (with $f$ finite everywhere)
$$
F(y)=\int_a^b f(t,y(t),y'(t))\,dt
$$
such that
$$
\inf_{y\in Lip([a,b])}F(y)<\inf_{...
- 6,367
6
votes
1
answer
376
views
Lavrentiev phenomenon between $C^1$ and $C^2$
Does there exist a (onedimensional) functional that exhibits the Lavrentiev phenomenon between $C^1$ and $C^2$ that is
$$ F(y)=\int_a^b f(t,y(t),y'(t))\,dt \quad\text{or possibly}\quad F(y)=\int_a^b f(...
- 6,367
6
votes
1
answer
171
views
Some special sequence in $C(\mathbb{R})$
Let us consider $C(\mathbb{R})$, the space of continuous functions on the reals.
Q. Does there exist a sequence $\{f_n\}$ in $C(\mathbb{R})$ such that for every $f\in C(\mathbb{R})$ one may find a ...
- 1,848
2
votes
1
answer
206
views
On which subspace $W\subset C^{\infty}[0,1]$ is $(Df)(x)=xf'(x)$ a bounded operator provided all functions in $W$ are flat functions?
I have already asked this question on MSE; now I repeat it on MO.
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4132346/on-which-subspace-w-subset-c-infty0-1-is-df-xfx-a-bounded-operator
First we ...
- 13k
0
votes
0
answers
112
views
How to prove or disprove $ |r'(a)| \leq c_1 \sup_{x \in [a-1/2,a+1/2]} |r(x)|$?
Let $ A = \begin{bmatrix}
a & 1 \\ 0 & a
\end{bmatrix}$ be a Jordan matrix with $ -1 < a < 1 $.
Let $r(z) = \frac{p(z)}{q(z)}$ be an irreducible rational function, where $p(...
- 55
1
vote
1
answer
675
views
First derivative of cut off function
I am working on proving the following: Let $\rho(x)= \frac{2}{2+x^2}$, $\theta >1$ (assumed integer here) and $B \subset H^1_{ul}$,(uniformly local Sobolev space), be any subset which is bounded in ...
- 159
3
votes
0
answers
120
views
If $u_n\rightharpoonup u$ in $L^2(0,T;L^2)$ then there is a subsequence such that $u_n(t)\rightharpoonup u(t)$ almost everywhere?
If $u_n\rightharpoonup u$ in $L^2(0,T;L^2(\Omega))$. Can we find a subsequence such that $u_{n_k}(t)\rightharpoonup u(t)$ almost everywhere on $[0,T]$?
I'm not sure if this question is trivial or not,...
- 153
3
votes
1
answer
322
views
Special version of Tonelli’s theorem
I am trying to prove this theorem. I have not found anything similar to it on the internet.
Special version of Tonelli’s theorem
Assume that the functions $f(x,u): [a,b] \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{...
- 128k
9
votes
1
answer
359
views
Relaxation of notion of positive definite function
A function $f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ is called positive definite (in the semigroup sense) if for all $n\geq 1$ and $x_1,\ldots,x_n\in\mathbb{R}$ pairwise different the matrix $(f(x_i+x_j))_{i,j=1}^n$...
- 128k
1
vote
0
answers
99
views
Estimate on integral with logarithmic weight
Let $f:\mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R$. What (minimal) assumptions are needed, in addition to $f \in L^1 \cap L^\infty$, to have
$$
\int_{\mathbb R^{2n}} \frac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{(|x-y|+\epsilon)^{n+1}} \, dx \, ...
2
votes
0
answers
68
views
Core for Neumann Laplacians
Let $d$ be a positive integer. We write $\mathbb{H}^d$ for the closed $d$-dimensional upper-half space: $\mathbb{H}^d=\{(x_1,\ldots,x_d) \in \mathbb{R}^d,\,x_d \ge 0\}$. We consider the Neumann ...
- 721
0
votes
0
answers
112
views
Fixed point of a contraction map
This question is a continuation of Is this a contraction mapping for small $T$?
Set, for $T, m>0$, $H^m_T:=\{h:[0,T]\to [0,m]:~ h,~h' \mbox{ are both continuous on } [0,T]\}$ endowed with the norm
$...
- 1,334
0
votes
1
answer
236
views
Is this a contraction mapping for small $T$?
Let $G$ be the heat kernal, i.e. for $0\le t<s$ and $x,y\in\mathbb R$
$$G(t,x;s,y):=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi(s-t)}}\exp\left(-\frac{(y-x)^2}{4(s-t)}\right).$$
For $T>0$, let $\mathcal H_T:=\{h:[0,T]\...
- 128k
2
votes
0
answers
55
views
An integral average condition and its relationship with BMO, VMO, and Sobolev spaces
Let $V: \mathbb R^n \to \mathbb R^n$ be a vector field which satisfies
$$
\lim_{l \to \infty} \sup_{x \in \mathbb R^n} \left|\frac{1}{l^n} \int_{[0,l]^n}V(x+y) dy \right| = 0
$$
What is the ...
- 839
3
votes
0
answers
187
views
Analogue of Kolmogorov/Arnold superposition for general manifolds?
Previously asked and bountied at MSE with slightly different language:
Given a topological space $\mathcal{X}$, let $$\mathsf{Cl_C}(\mathcal{X})=\bigcup_{n\in\mathbb{N}}C(\mathcal{X}^n,\mathcal{X})$$ ...
- 20.5k
2
votes
2
answers
176
views
Direct limit of the sequence $E_{0} \hookrightarrow E_{1} \hookrightarrow \cdots$ in the category of Banach spaces
Recently I have been reading the paper The categorical origins of Lebesgue integration by Tom Leinster (https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.00412.pdf). In this paper, he said that：
For $n \geq 0$, let $E_{n}$ ...
- 123
0
votes
0
answers
148
views
About the theorem of Weierstrass?
Is $E=Vect\{1,x,x^2,...,x^{2^n},...\}$ dense in $C([0,1])$ for the uniform norm?
While looking for a short proof for Weierstrass' theorem, I came across this justification(*) (which shows this result)...
- 4,074
1
vote
1
answer
269
views
Is this operator symmetric and, if so, how to manifest the reality of its $L^2$ weighted norm?
I am working with an integral within the context of a Carleman estimate, and am trying to manifest its reality (with the later goal of finding a lower bound for $-S$ in the $L^2$ sense) but am having ...
- 188k
3
votes
1
answer
137
views
Estimate the homogeneous components of a polynomial against its maximum
Let $P\equiv P(x) := \sum_{|\alpha|\leq m} c_\alpha\cdot x^\alpha$ be a real polynomial in $d$ variables of (total) degree $m$, where $d, m \in\mathbb{N}$ are fixed.
(I.e., the above sum ranges over ...
- 128k
1
vote
1
answer
143
views
A question on the self-adjointness of an operator
Given a Hilbert space (separable) $\mathcal{H}$ with an orthonormal basis $\{e_i\}_{i=1}^{\infty}$, define an operator $T$ with domain $\mathcal{D}(T)$ equal to the span of $\{e_i\}$ by $Te_i:=\...
- 984
0
votes
0
answers
84
views
Determining the tails of a convolution from its behavior on a compact set
Let $p$ be a smooth (say, $C^\infty$, but this is not crucial) density on the interval $I=[0,1]$ and $g_\sigma$ be the density of $N(0,\sigma^2)$. Define $f=p\ast g_\sigma$. To what extent does the ...
- 19
4
votes
2
answers
353
views
Does $C[0, 1]$ admit a covering by sets of arbitrarily small eccentricity?
We denote by $C[0, 1]$ the space of continuous functions on $[0, 1]$ under the supremum norm, equipped with the Borel sigma algebra.
A covering of $C[0, 1]$ is a (possibly countably infinite) ...
- 10.6k
0
votes
1
answer
139
views
Build an explicit "small perturbation" of the identity satisfying some properties
How can I build (i.e. find an explicit formula) a smooth function $f_\epsilon: \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ depending on a parameter $\epsilon >0$ which is "almost the identity" but constant ...
- 128k
8
votes
2
answers
1k
views
The continuous Taylor series; are they just Taylor series?
I first posed this question when I was a first year student. I came up with some ad hoc arguments as to why the result is true (a bit of numerical experimentation), but never had a proof. I forgot ...
- 63.9k
1
vote
1
answer
277
views
Checking the uniform denseness of a set in $C([0, 1], \mathbb{R}^2)$
Let $\lambda:[0, 1]\to \mathbb{R}$, and $b_{1j}, b_{2j}:[0, 1] \to \mathbb{R}$, $j = 1, \ldots, m$ be smooth functions. Consider the following two sets
$$\begin{align*}
S_1 &= \left\{ \begin{...
CommunityBot
- 1
7
votes
1
answer
414
views
Criteria for operators to have infinitely many eigenvalues
Normal compact linear operators on Hilbert spaces have infinitely many (counting multiplicities) eigenvalues by the spectral theorem.
For non-normal operators this no longer has to be true.
There ...
- 6,035
6
votes
3
answers
1k
views
Orthonormal basis in $W^{1,2}([0,1])$
Consider the Hilbertspace $W^{1,2}([0,1])$ (i.e. Sobolev space) with the standard inner product which is defined by: $(f,g) = (f,g)_{L^{2}([0,1])} + (f',g')_{L^{2}([0,1])}$. Here $[0,1]$ is not ...
- 11
0
votes
0
answers
165
views
Compact embedding of Lipschitz continuous functions
Let $(X,d,\mu)$ be a metric measure space, not necessarily with $\mu(X)<\infty$. I would like to study the embedding of $W^{1,2}(X)\cap \mathrm{Lip}(X)$ into $L^2(X)$. Are there simple conditions ...
- 3,388
4
votes
1
answer
317
views
Taylor coefficients of Hadamard product
I imagine this to be a very classical question in complex analysis:
Consider the Hadamard product
$$g(\mu) = \prod_{n=1}^{\infty}E_1(\mu z_n),$$
where $E_1(z):=(1-z)e^z$ is the first elementary ...
- 17.2k
4
votes
1
answer
201
views
Spectrum Cauchy-Euler operator
A Cauchy-Euler operator is an operator that leaves homogeneous polynomial of a certain degree invariant, named after the Cauchy-Euler differential equations
We consider the operator
$$(Lf)(x) = \...
- 52.3k
10
votes
2
answers
1k
views
On equibounded sequences in $L^\infty$
Let $f_n: [0, 1] \to \mathbb R$ be a sequence of positive functions in $L^\infty$ (hence a fortiori in $L^1$) that are equibounded in $L^\infty$ norm - that is $\sup_{n \in \mathbb N} \|f_n\|_{L_\...
- 6,215
10
votes
1
answer
330
views
(Sharp) Bounds on $E(XYZ)$ given all the bivariate marginals
Suppose $X,Y,Z$ are all real-valued random variables. Suppose I know the joint marginal distributions of $(X,Y)$, $(Y,Z)$ and $(X,Z)$. I want to find bounds on $E(XYZ)$.
In the case of bounding $E(XY)$...
CommunityBot
- 1
1
vote
2
answers
155
views
Construct suitable cutoff function
Let $\bar x \in \mathbb R$. Is there a cut-off function such that $\phi_\epsilon \in C^\infty(\mathbb R)$, $0 \le \phi \le 1$, and
$$\phi_\epsilon(x) = \begin{cases}
1 &\text{ if } |x - \bar x| \...
- 5,038
1
vote
1
answer
412
views
Support of a measure
Let $T:X\to X$ be a continuous function on a compact manifold $X$ and let $\text{Leb}$ be the Lebesgue measure normalized so that $\text{Leb}(X)= 1$. We denote by $\mathcal{M}(X)$ the space of all ...
- 14.2k
1
vote
1
answer
518
views
On level sets of smooth functions in a bounded domain
Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain in $\mathbb R^n$, $n\geq 2$, with a smooth boundary and let $f$ be a smooth function on $\bar\Omega$. Is there a natural condition that one can impose on $f$ ( say in ...
- 91.8k
19
votes
4
answers
3k
views
Strange result about convexity
$f \in C^2([0,1])$ with $f''$ convex and $f(0) = f'(0) = f''(0) = 0$.
Is it true that : $f''(1)+6f(1)\geq 4f'(1)$ ?
Source: AoPS
- 2,222
0
votes
1
answer
306
views
Regularity properties of conditional distributions
Let $(X,Y)\in\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^m$ be a pair of random variables with joint density $p(x,y)$. I am interested in the regularity properties of the conditional densities $p(y|x)$ and $p(x|y)$ (...
CommunityBot
- 1
1
vote
0
answers
98
views
Two definitions of Sobolev spaces and the trace theorem
Let $M=[0,\infty) \times S^2$. We have the regular regular Sobolev space $H^1(M)$.
We also have the space $H^1\bigg([0,\infty); H^1(S^2)\bigg)$. Are those two spaces the same? Does one contain the ...
- 969
0
votes
2
answers
137
views
Level sets and integral of functions of two variables
Let $f_1,f_2$ be two positive functions on $\Omega_1, \Omega_2 \subset R^2$ with $f_1|_{\partial \Omega_1}=f_2|_{\partial \Omega_2}=0$. For every $\lambda>0$, denote the the area of the domain ...
- 50.6k
1
vote
1
answer
134
views
If $f \circ u \in BV$ and $f$ is strictly monotone, then is $u \in BV$?
Let $f: \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$ be a Lipschitz strictly monotone (so, in particular, invertible) function. Let $u: \mathbb R \to \mathbb R$. If $f \circ u \in BV$ can we conclude that $u \in BV$?
- 128k
1
vote
0
answers
34
views
$L^p$-continuity for discrete linear causal systems
Let $p \in [1, +\infty)$, $(b_0(n)), \dots (b_m(n)), (a_1(n)), \dots, (a_m(n))$ suitable sequences of real numbers and consider the map $\phi: \ell^p \to \ell^p$, $x \mapsto y$ defined by:
\begin{...
- 41