All Questions
Tagged with real-analysis sequences-and-series
304 questions
4
votes
1
answer
119
views
Proving Equal Set Sizes in Sequential Point Selection on a Real Interval with Variable-Length Intervals
I'm here as an engineer working on a point sampling algorithm and I've noticed that when I perform the algorithm on an ordered set of points in one direction it selects the exact same number of points ...
- 151
2
votes
0
answers
116
views
Existence of a sequence of real numbers
Let
$$g_{c;k}(z):=\frac{2 (c-z-1)^{k+2}}{(k+1) (k+2)}+\frac{1}{2} (-c+z+2)^2 z^k+\frac{-2 c (k+2)+4 k+6}{(k+1) (k+2)}+\frac{2z}{k+1}.$$
Do there exist $c\in(1,3/2)$ and a sequence $(a_k)_{k=0}^\infty$ ...
- 128k
0
votes
1
answer
57
views
Lower bounding an alternating series with signs from a martingale difference sequence
Let $\epsilon_n \in \{-1, 1\}$ be a martingale difference sequence, in the sense that
$$M_n := \sum_{i = 0}^n \epsilon_i$$
is a martingale.
We assume $\epsilon_0 = \pm 1$ with probability $\frac{1}{2}$...
- 6,155
3
votes
1
answer
343
views
Asymptotic behavior of a recursion
Let $x_n(0)=1$,
$$
x_n(N+1) = \frac{1}{N+1}\sum_{k=0}^N \sum_{j=1}^n x_j(k)x_{n+1-j}(N-k) + \frac{10}{N+1} x_{n+1}(N) , \quad\quad N\ge 0 .
$$
So the recursion is on $N$, and at each level, we compute ...
- 24.2k
3
votes
1
answer
309
views
Extremizing sequence consists of two elements
Let $\mathcal A_{s}$ be the set of sequences $X=(x_m)_{m \in I}$ where $I=\{1,2,...,n\}$ with $n \ge 2$ and possibly $n =\infty$ is an index set with $x_1=0$, $x_2=s>0$ and $x_m>x_{m-1}$ for $m,...
1
vote
1
answer
330
views
Does $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n e^{\sin{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}$ converge?
I am trying to study the converge of the series
$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^n e^{\sin{n}}}{\sqrt{n}}$$
But $e^{\sin{n}}$ is not monotone, and the Abel's test rule fails here. Can someone help me? ...
- 287
5
votes
0
answers
285
views
How do you go about making ranges (for integer variables) independent?
Basic question: say you have a sum
$$\sum_{n_1 n_2 \dotsb n_k \leq x} f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k),$$
where $f$ decomposes in some sense (say: $f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k) = g(n_1) + \dotsb + g(n_k)$, or $f(n_1,\dotsc,n_k)...
- 20.2k
1
vote
2
answers
102
views
About the recursive inequality $w_p \geq (1-\frac {\pi}n)w_{p-2n} + 2\pi + o(1)$
Suppose we have a non-decreasing sequence of positive real numbers that tend to infinity: $0<w_1\leq w_2\leq w_3\leq...$ It is known that:
For every $n$ and $p\geq 2n$, we have $w_p \geq (1-\frac {...
- 525
23
votes
4
answers
2k
views
Identity for an infinite product
Here is an experimental "result" exhibiting the difference of two (formal) infinite products that "almost factorizes".
QUESTION. Is this true?
$$\prod_{n\geq1}(1+x^{2n-1})^{24} - \...
- 43.2k
7
votes
1
answer
346
views
Mean Cauchy sequences
Let $X$ be a complete metric space. Suppose a sequence of elements $x_n$ is Cauchy in mean, in the sense that
$$\lim_{K \to \infty} \limsup_{N, M \to \infty} \frac{1}{NM} \sum_{i = K+1}^{K + N} \sum_{...
- 6,155
-1
votes
1
answer
122
views
Divergent summation [closed]
Let $(x_i)_{i=0}^\infty$ be a sequence such that $0<x_i<1\ \forall i \in \mathbb{N} \cup {0}$.Consider the following series:
$$\sum_{i=1}^\infty \frac{x_i}{\left(\sum_{k=0}^{i-1} x_k \right)^2}.$...
- 21
0
votes
1
answer
128
views
Characterizing the integral as a function of $n$
Let $\alpha \in [0,3], \beta \geq 1, \lambda \geq 1$ and fix $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Consider the function $f(x;\alpha, \beta, \lambda) = x^{\alpha}\exp(-\lambda x^\beta)$. Let $I(n; \alpha,\beta,\lambda) ...
- 25
2
votes
1
answer
120
views
Difference between finite partial sums from two divergent series
Fix a sequence $(r_i)_{i\in\mathbb{N}} \subseteq (0, 1)$ such that $\lim_i r_i=0$ and $\sum_{i\in \mathbb{N}} r_i=\infty$. According to the answer in this post, for any $c>0$ there exists $N,M\in\...
- 307
2
votes
0
answers
94
views
A surprisingly simple and difficult problem on sums of upper bounds
Let $T$ be a large integer, and $C$ be a positive real constant.
Consider a sequence $\{p_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ of real numbers in $[0,1]$. The sequence $\{b_t\}_{T\geq t\geq 1}$ can be defined as ...
- 353
0
votes
1
answer
170
views
Summation of binomial coefficients with alternating signs
For a fixed $\alpha > 1$ and integer $n$, I want to provide some bounds or scaling results for the following summations
$$S_1(n,\alpha) = \sum_{k = 1}^{n} {n \choose k} (-1)^{k + 1} k / (\alpha k + ...
- 25
1
vote
0
answers
175
views
Solution of recurrence relation with summation
I have the following recurrence relation:
$$b(n,k)=\sum _{\text{i}=0}^{2 n-1} \left(b(n-1,k-\text{i})+\frac{\text{i} (2 n-\text{i}) \binom{2 n-1}{\text{i}} \binom{(n-2)^2}{k-\text{i}}}{2 n-1} \right)$$...
- 47
5
votes
1
answer
279
views
Is there a theorem which provides conditions under which a power series satisfies the reciprocal root sum law?
Kalman - Six ways to sum a series discusses Euler's original proof for the Basel problem $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2}=\frac{\pi^2}{6} $:
$$\frac{\sin(\sqrt x)}{\sqrt x} = 1- \frac{x}{3!}+ \...
- 541
9
votes
1
answer
553
views
Does the sequence formed by Intersecting angle bisector in a pentagon converge?
I asked this question on MSE here.
Given a non-regular pentagon $A_1B_1C_1D_1E_1$ with no two adjacent angle having a sum of 360 degrees, from the pentagon $A_nB_nC_nD_nE_n$ construct the pentagon $...
- 541
9
votes
1
answer
845
views
Convergence of sequences formed by orthocenters, incenters, and centroids in repeated triangle constructions
I asked this question on MSE here.
Given a scalene triangle $A_1B_1C_1$ , construct a triangle $A_{n+1}B_{n+1}C_{n+1}$ from the triangle $A_nB_nC_n$ where $A_{n+1}$ is the orthocenter of $A_nB_nC_n$, ...
- 541
11
votes
2
answers
587
views
Extracting a subsequence common to infinitely many sets from an uncountable collection with uniform positive upper density
Let $\{a_n\},\{b_n\}$ be strictly increasing sequence of positive integers satisfying $a_1<b_1<a_2<b_2<a_3<b_3<\ldots$ and $(b_n-a_n) \to \infty$. Define $I_n:= [a_n,b_n]$, meaning ...
- 271
6
votes
2
answers
380
views
Proving convergence of solution of a fixed point equation
I encountered a nasty sequence $(x_n)_{n=1}^\infty $ defined as the smallest positive fixed point of the fixed point equation $ x_n = f_n(x_n) $, where $f_n$ is given by
$$ f_n(x) = \sum_{k=0}^{\...
- 61
2
votes
1
answer
183
views
Example of a conditionally convergent series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n$ such that $n^2(b_n-b_{n+1})$ is bounded
Let $(b_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ be a real sequence such that $(nb_n)$ is bounded. I know that if the series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty b_n$ is conditionally convergent, then $(n^2b_n)_n$ is not bounded. But, ...
- 65
2
votes
0
answers
120
views
A sequence linked to irrationality
Let $0 < c < 1$ be a real number and $ x \in \mathbb{R}$. We define the sequence $(u_n)_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ by :
$$u_0 = x$$
$$ \mathrm{If}, u_n \le c, \mathrm{then}, u_{n + 1} = u_n + (1 - c) $$...
- 69
1
vote
0
answers
162
views
Triangular and pentagonal numbers in $q$-series
Consider the following two infinite series
$$\sum_{n\geq0}a(n)q^n=\prod_{k\geq1}\frac1{(1-q^k)^2(1-q^{5k})^2} \,\,\,\, \text{and} \,\,\,
\sum_{n\geq0}b(n)q^n=\prod_{k\geq1}\frac1{(1-q^k)^2(1-q^{7k})^2}...
- 43.2k
10
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Does a conditionally convergent sum with random signs converge almost surely?
Let $\sum a_n$ be a conditionally convergent sum of real numbers, and $\epsilon_n$ a sequence of independent identically distributed Bernoulli random variables with $\epsilon_n = 1$ or $-1$ with ...
- 6,155
8
votes
1
answer
1k
views
When can a sum be re-signed to converge to any limit?
Let $a_n$ be a sequence of positive real numbers with $\sum a_n < \infty$. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for the following to hold?
For any $S \in \mathbb R$ with $-\sum a_n \...
- 6,155
2
votes
1
answer
152
views
Growth rate of elementary sequences
We consider three sequences $(x_n),(y_n),(z_n)$, where $(x_n) \in \ell^1$ is positive and the other two sequences are merely assumed to be positive, i.e. $y_n,z_n \ge 0$ where $0<z_n<z_{n+1}$ is ...
2
votes
2
answers
268
views
If $\inf\{b\in\mathbb{R}\mid\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}e^{-ax_n-by_n}<+\infty\}=1-a$ for all $a\in [0,1]$, does this equality hold for all $a\in\mathbb{R}$?
Let $\left\{x_n\right\}_{n=1}^{+\infty},\left\{y_n\right\}_{n=1}^{+\infty}\subset [0,+\infty)$ be two sequences of non-negative real numbers. Suppose there exist $\lambda\ge 1, c\ge 0$ such that $\...
- 605
0
votes
1
answer
106
views
The sequence has a stationary accumulation point
Let $f:\mathbb{R}^n\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ be a smooth (continuously differentiable), convex function with a non-empty set of minimizers and $\{x^k\}$ be a sequence such that
(a) $\{x^k\}$ has an ...
- 21
2
votes
1
answer
286
views
Are these conditions regarding products of consecutive terms in a sequence of positive numbers equivalent?
Assume $w_n$ is a bounded (weight) sequence of positive numbers. We want to consider products of consecutive terms in this sequence. For $i,j\in \mathbb{N}$, define $M_i^j = w_i w_{i+1}\cdots w_{i+j-1}...
6
votes
1
answer
392
views
How to show that $\log 2(1/2\log 2\log 4 + 1/3\log 3\log 6 + \dotsb) + 1/2\log 2 - 1/3\log 3 + 1/4\log 4 - \dotsb = 1/\log 2$ [closed]
I've been studying Ramanujan's work and I stumbled upon this question in the book: Collected Papers of Srinivasa Ramanujan. In there I found question number 769 which is about an infinite sum with ...
2
votes
1
answer
192
views
Does every real number $r\in [0,1]$ have a rational sequence $q_n\to r$ s.t. $q_n$ has (simplified) denominator $n$? [closed]
This seems pretty trivial but I can't seem to figure it out. I think it's obviously true, given an unconstrained convergent sequence we just have to add some filler elements, but I'm having trouble ...
- 291
0
votes
1
answer
270
views
Nature of $ \sum_{n \geq 1} \frac{ \cos(n) \sin(n+1) }{n} $ [closed]
I'm trying to determine the nature of this series $ \sum_{n \geq 1} \frac{ \cos(n) \sin(n+1) }{n} $, but I'm not getting anywhere. I've tried using the Abel and trigonometric formulas, but I can't ...
user516435
1
vote
3
answers
180
views
Evaluating a sinusoidal series
Define the sequence of functions
$$f_n(x)=\sum_{m=n}^\infty(-1)^m\frac{x^{2m}}{(2m+1)!} {m \choose n} $$
Is there a closed form expression for arbitrary $n$? It is clear that the result should assume ...
- 151
3
votes
1
answer
128
views
Weaker version of the lemma of K.L. Chung
Let $\{u_n\}_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ be a sequence of nonnegative real numbers (i.e., $u_n\geq 0$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$). Assume furthermore that, for some positive constant $C$, the following holds:
$$...
- 132
5
votes
1
answer
326
views
Does Cesaro convergence along all arithmetic progressions imply convergence on a full density subsequence?
Suppose $\{x_n\}_{n \geq 1}$ is a real valued sequence such that for every $a, r \in \mathbb Z_+$, we have that
$$\lim_{N \to \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i = 0}^{N-1} x_{a + ir}$$
exists and equals $L$ ...
- 6,155
2
votes
1
answer
165
views
Continuity of an upper semi-continuous function over periodic points
Let $f: X \to \mathbb{R}$ be an upper semi-continuous function on $X$, which is a compact subspace of a vector space. Let sequence $x_n, n \in \mathbb{N}$, with positive elements - periodic: there ...
- 1,043
2
votes
1
answer
200
views
Laguerre polynomial and series
Let $L^\alpha_n(x)$ be Laguerre polynomials of type $n$.
Consider the sum
$$\sum^\infty_{j=0} \frac{1}{(b-j)}L^{m}_j(x)$$
where $b\not\in\Bbb N,x>0$ and $m\in \Bbb N$.
I have found this series ...
- 501
3
votes
1
answer
211
views
Other expansion for positive Taylor expansion
I was thinking of the following problem. Let $f$ be a Taylor expansion and $a_k$ the associated coefficients,
$$\forall x\in\mathbb{R},~f(x)\triangleq\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_kx^k.$$
Let suppose that we ...
- 393
7
votes
0
answers
203
views
Permutations which change the value of a convergent series
I'm interested in the following combinatorial problem: What is a necessary and sufficent condition on a permutation $\sigma : \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{N}$, so that there exist a summable ...
- 71
5
votes
0
answers
162
views
Closed formula for series $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^i-y^i}$
What can be said about $\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^i-y^i}$ (for $|x|>1$ and $|y|>1$ and $x\neq y$)?
Is there a kind of closed formula for this?
By comparing to the geometric series, this sum ...
- 139
1
vote
2
answers
163
views
Transcendental functions with two prescribed values
Let $\alpha$ and $\beta$ two algebraic numbers lying in unit ball. Let $T:=(t_k)_k$ be an increasing sequence of positive integers such that $t_{k+1}/t_k$ tends to $1$ as $k\to \infty$.
I would like ...
- 515
2
votes
0
answers
134
views
Extensions of Euler–Maclaurin formula
There are ways to approximate a sum through integration like the Euler–Maclaurin formula, which requires the function $f(x)$ to be continuous, but there are several ways to extend the formula to ...
- 67
1
vote
1
answer
185
views
Does $\sum_{n=1}^\infty e^{-n^2 T} \int_0^T e^{n^2 t} \lvert f(t)\rvert \, dt$ converge for $L^1_\text{loc}$ $f : [0,\infty) \to \mathbb{R}$?
Let $f(t) : [0,\infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ be an $L^1_\text{loc}$ function.
Then, I wonder if the following series
\begin{equation}
\sum_{n=1}^\infty e^{-n^2 T} \int_0^T e^{n^2 t} \lvert f(t)\rvert
\, dt
...
- 3,477
4
votes
1
answer
253
views
$\limsup_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in\mathbb{N}} \sin(n)^{n^x}$ for various $x$
Let $$f(x)=\limsup_{n\rightarrow \infty, n\in\mathbb{N}} \sin(n)^{n^x}.$$
Compute $f(1)$ and $f(2)$.
3
votes
1
answer
379
views
Convergence of a power series
Consider the numbers $$a_n=\frac{1}{n+1}\sum_{k=0}^{n}\frac{2^{k-1}\binom{n+1}{k}B_k}{2^{s+k-1}-1}, \ n\geq0,$$ where $s\neq1;0;-1;-2;-3;...$ is a fixed real number, and the $B_k$ are the Bernoulli ...
- 463
0
votes
1
answer
175
views
Asymptotic of ratio between l1 / l2 norm of a structured vector
As suggested in this discussion, I would like to inquire about the following question:
Consider a matrix B of size $n\times n$ defined as:
$$B_{ij}(\pmb{\theta})=(\theta_i-\theta_j)\sin(\theta_i-\...
- 405
0
votes
1
answer
127
views
asymptotic of ratio between two summations (l1 / l2 norm)
Let $B$ as a $n\times n$ matrix where
$$B_{ij}(\pmb{\theta})=(\theta_i-\theta_j)\sin(\theta_i-\theta_j), 1\leq i<j\leq n$$ and other entries equals to $0$, and $$\theta=[\theta_1,\cdots,\theta_n]\...
- 405
6
votes
3
answers
536
views
A need for analytic continuation of a finite sum function
Let $\varphi(n):=(-1)^{n+1}(n+1)2^{2n}$.
I am able to prove the following identity (${\color{red}{\mathbf{LHS}}}$=infinite series, ${\color{blue}{\mathbf{RHS}}}$=finite sum)
\begin{align*}
{\color{red}...
- 43.2k
3
votes
1
answer
166
views
A limit arising from Mellin Inversion: How to compute a specific term of an asymptotic series?
So I am wondering if there exists a general procedure for the following problem:
given a monotonically increasing function $f(n)$ which is nonegative on the interval $[0,\infty)$ and grows faster than ...
- 2,689