Questions tagged [quadratic-residues]
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86 questions
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Conjectural values of some determinants involving Legendre symbols (II)
Let $p$ be an odd prime, and let $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ denote the Legendre symbol. Motivated by the evaluation of the determinants
$$\det\left[\left(\frac{j+k}p\right)\right]_{1\le j,k\le(p-1)/2}\ \ \text{...
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Conjectural values of some determinants involving Legendre symbols (I)
$\newcommand\Legendre{\genfrac(){}{}}$Let $p$ be an odd prime, and let $\Legendre\cdot p$ be the Legendre symbol. In 2003, Robin Chapman evaluated the determinants
$$\det\left[\Legendre{i+j}p\right]_{...
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Factorial quadratic residue
I would like to find all positive integers $n$ and $m$ such that $n^2 \equiv m! \ ( \text{mod } 2024)$. I see that for $m=1$ there is $n=45$ such that the relation holds.
I think that there is no ...
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Jacobi symbols for two-square sums of primes
Given a prime $p\equiv 1\pmod 4$, Fermat's two-squares theorem discovered by Girard
states that there exists two integers $A,B$ such that
$p=A^2+B^2$.
For all primes up to $10^7$ the integers $A$ and $...
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A cubic equation, and integers of the form $a^2+32b^2$
I am trying to determine whether there are any integers $x,y,z$ such that
$$
1+2 x+x^2 y+4 y^2+2 z^2 = 0. \quad\quad\quad (1)
$$
It is clear that $x$ is odd. We can consider this equation as quadratic ...
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On a summation in "Artin's conjecture for primitive roots" by Heath-Brown
This is a question on the paper: D. R. Heath-Brown. Artin's conjecture for primitive roots. Quarterly J. Math. 37 (1): 27–38, 1986.
At the beginning of the proof of his main theorem on page 35, Heath-...
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Expressions for binomial residue sum $\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^k \left( \frac{k}{q} \right)$
I'm interested in the sum:
$$\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} x^k \left( \frac{k}{q} \right)$$
where $q$ is a prime number. This is just the binomial expansion with an extra weight on quadratic residues ...
- 591
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Functions that take quadratic residues to non quadratic residues
Let $p$ be prime and $Q$ be the set of integers $x$ mod $p$ so that $x^2-1$ is a quadratic residue. Let $Q^c$ be the complement of $Q$. If we don't consider $x = 1$ then these two sets have the same ...
- 591
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Distribution of square roots (mod m) on small intervals (with respect to m)
Fix a large positive integer $m$. Let $A$ be small positive number typically $\sim m^{1/3}$. Suppose $S(A, m)$ be set of solutions (normalized by dividing by $m$) to the quadratic congruences $x^2 = a ...
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Quadratic residue problem involving prime divisors of a polynomial
Let $n$ be a square-free natural number, and let $f\in\mathbb{Z}[x]$ be monic and irreducible of degree $\geq2$. I am trying to determine whether there always exists a prime $p$, $p\nmid n$, ...
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Mod n, are all higher powers also lower powers?
Since there are only finitely many residues mod $n$, there is some function $H(n) \le n$ such that for all integers $n>1$, $r$, and $e>H(n)$, if $r$ is an $e$-th power mod $n$ then there is some ...
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Set of all primes $p$ that split in $\mathbb{Q}\left(\sqrt{-k}\right)$
Let $k$ be a squarefree positive integer. We know that a prime $p$ splits in $K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-k})$ if and only if $-k$ is a quadratic residue mod $p$.
My question is: can we explicitly determine ...
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Largest subset of quadratic residues with no pair of elements differing by 1
In $\mathbb{F_p}$, $p$ prime what is the larget subset $S$ of quadratic residues with no pair of elements differing by 1?
In this related question Seva gives an example:
"...assuming $p\equiv\...
- 4,862
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Quadratic non-residue problem
For a positive integer $n$, let $a(n)$ the smallest number $k>0$ such that $-n$ is not a quadratic residue modulo $k$.
Using CRT, we can prove that all values of $a(n)$ are prime powers, and every ...
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Two conjectures for primes $p\equiv 1\pmod 8$
Motivated by my paper Quadratic residues and quartic residues modulo primes [Int. J. Number Theory 16 (2020), 1833-1858], here I pose two new conjectures for primes $p\equiv1\pmod8$ based on my ...
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How to describe the automorphisms of $\mathbb{Q}(\theta)$ that fix $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-m})$
Suppose $m > 0$ is a square free integer and $m \equiv 1 $mod $4$. Then the $K = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-m})$ is a subfield of $L = \mathbb{Q}(\theta)$, where $\theta$ is a primitive $4m$-th root of ...
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Sum of an arithmetic sequence involving Euler factors
I am trying to find an asymptotic formula for the following sum as $T \to \infty$.
$$ \sum_{t = 1}^{T} \prod_{\substack{p \; \textrm{prime} \\ p | t}} \rho(p) \frac{1 - \frac{1}{p^2}}{1 - \frac{\rho(p)...
- 577
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Primes in residue classes [duplicate]
For which sets of residue classes are there easy elementary proofs that there are infinitely many primes in them, which don’t require the machinery of proofs of Dirichlet’s theorem?
Example: it’s ...
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Evaluate $\det[[\lfloor\frac{aj-(a+1)k}n\rfloor]_q]_{1\le j,k\le n}$ and $\det[[\lceil\frac{(a+1)j-ak}n\rceil]_q]_{1\le j,k\le n}$
The $q$-analogue of an integer $m$ is defined by
$[m]_q=(1-q^m)/(1-q)$. Note that $\lim_{q\to1}[m]_q=m$.
I have formulated the following conjecture on determinants involving the floor function and the ...
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effective and unconditional upper bound for the smallest quadratic residue
Let $p$ be a prime number, and let $r=r(p)$ be the smallest prime number with $(r/p)=1$. The classical result of Linnik-Vinogradov (based on Burgess) implies that $r\ll_\epsilon p^{1/4+\epsilon}$, but ...
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Counting squares modulo $p$ that are also prime in an interval
What would be the best lower bound for the number of squares modulo $p$ in an interval $[1,N]$ with $N<p$ that are prime?
Via the Burgess bound, I can find a lower bound for the number of squares ...
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Does each prime $p>541$ have a quadratic residue $x^4+y^4<p$?
For any prime $p>5$, one of the numbers
$$1^2+1=2,\ \ 2^2+1=5,\ \ 3^2+1=10=2\times5$$
is a quadratic residue modulo $p$. In 2014 I conjectured that each prime $p$ has a primitive root $g<p$ of ...
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Pythagorean triples and quadratic residues modulo primes
QUESTION. Are my following conjectures true? How to prove them?
Conjecture 1. For each prime $p>100$, there are $a,b,c\in\{1,\ldots,p-1\}$ such that
$$\left(\frac ap\right)=\left(\frac bp\right)=\...
- 15.6k
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Dominating sets in subtournaments of the Paley tournament
For a tournament $T$, let $\mathrm{dom}(T)$ be the order of a smallest dominating set in $T$. Let $q$ be a prime power congruent to 3 mod 4 and let $T_q$ be the Paley tournament on $q$ vertices.
Is ...
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On sums of quadratic residues
Let $p>3$ be a prime.
We set $R=\{x\in\mathbb{Z}: (x/p)=1\}$, where $(\cdot/p)$ is the Legendre symbol. When $p\equiv3\pmod4$, by class formulae of imaginary quadratic fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-p})$...
user125345
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Distribution of quadratic residues in an interval
For a prime (or prime power) $p$ and some absolute constant $C$ (say $C$ = 100), consider the set $A$ of all $1 \leq a \leq p/C$ such that $1 \leq a^2 \leq p/C$ modulo $p$. Is it known that $|A| = \...
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Is it possible to find a (nonsquare) integer which is a quadratic residues modulo a given infinite list of primes?
I'm wondering if it's possible, given a prime p and an infinite list of primes $q_1$, $q_2$, ... to find an integer d which (1) is not a square mod p, but (2) is a square mod $q_i$ for all i. Always, ...
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Quadratic non-residues in elliptic divisibility sequences
Let $E: y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$ be an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{Q}$ with $a,b \in \mathbb{Z}$. Recall that any rational point $P = (x,y)$ can be written uniquely as $P = (u/d^2, v/d^3)$ with $u,v,d \in ...
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Does the expression $x^4 +y^4$ take on all values in $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$?
As the title asks: does there exist $N$ such that, for any prime $p$ larger than $N$, the expression $x^4 +y^4$ takes on all values in $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$?
I have been thinking about this ...
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quadratic residues and cubic polynomials [closed]
I'm really not sure about this, but I've heard somewhere that for any prime $p$,
$|\sum_{x=0}^{p-1} (\frac{ax^3 +bx^2 +cx +d}{p} ) |\le \sqrt{2p}$ holds.
Does anyone know a proof for this inequality ...
- 141
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On the set $\{n>0:\ n\ \text{is a quadratic nonresidue modulo the}\ n\text{th prime}\}$
Let $S$ denote the set of positive integers $n$ with $n$ a quadratic nonresidue modulo the $n$th prime $p_n$. The first 20 elements of $S$ are
$$2,\, 3,\, 6,\, 7,\, 8,\, 10,\, 11,\, 13,\, 15,\, 18,\, ...
- 15.6k
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Primitive roots modulo primes related to Fibonacci numbers or Lucas numbers
The Fibonacci numbers $F_0,F_1,F_2,\ldots$ and the Lucas numbers $L_0,L_1,L_2,\ldots$ are given by
$$F_0=0,\ F_1=1,\ \text{and}\ F_{n+1}=F_n+F_{n-1}\ (n=1,2,3,\ldots)$$
and
$$L_0=2,\ L_1=1,\ \text{...
- 15.6k
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applications of finding least quadratic nonresidue mod $p$?
I saw some papers from famous mathematicians (assuming GRH or without it) which are devoted to finding bound for least quadratic nonresidues modulo prime number $p$.
My question is that why it is so ...
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A conjecture on primitive tenth roots of unity
QUESTION. How to solve my following conjecture involving primitive tenth roots of unity?
Conjecture. Let $\zeta$ be any primitive tenth root of unity. Then
$$\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(\zeta-e^{2\pi ik^2/...
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On the values of $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(e^{2\pi i/12}-e^{2\pi i k^2/p})$ for primes $p>3$
In a recent preprint, I investigated
$$S_p(x):=\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(x-e^{2\pi ik^2/p}),$$
where $p$ is an odd prime and $x$ is a root of unity.
Motivated by Question 337879 and Question 338325, ...
- 15.6k
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On the product $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(x-e^{2\pi i k^2/p})$ with $x$ a root of unity
Let $p$ be an odd prime. Dirichlet's class number formula for quadratic fields essentially determines the value of the product $\prod_{k=1}^{(p-1)/2}(1-e^{2\pi ik^2/p})$. I think it is interesting to ...
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A conjectural formula for the class number of the field $\mathbb Q(\sqrt{-p})$ with $p\equiv3\pmod8$
Question. Is my following conjecture new? How to prove it?
Conjecture. Let $p>3$ be a prime with $p\equiv3\pmod 8$, and let $h(-p)$ denote the class number of the imaginary quadratic field $\...
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Is $|\{(j,k):\ 1\le j<k\le\frac{p-1}2:\ \&\ (j^{16}\ \text{mod}\ p)>(k^{16}\ \text{mod}\ p)\}|$ even for each prime $p\equiv1\pmod {16}$?
In my paper http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.07766, I determined the parity of
$$\left|\left\{(j,k):\ 1\le j<k\le\frac{p-1}2\ \&\ (j^2\ \text{mod}\ p)>(k^2\ \text{mod}\ p)\right\}\right|$$
for any ...
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Legendre Symbol of a Very, Very Large Value
I'm trying to use FLINT (Fast Library for Number Theory) to calculate the Legendre Symbol of the following:
$$\left(\frac{n! + 1}{p}\right)$$
In my case, $p$ is a positive, odd prime (specifically $...
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Shifting quadratic residues
Let $p\equiv 3\pmod 4$ and $G$ be the set of nonzero quadratic residues modulo $p$ (so $G=(p-1)/2$). For $1\leq a\leq p-1$, let $G_a=\{(a+g)\pmod p\mid g\in G\}$. What is the size of $G_0\cap G_a$?
I ...
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Primes $p\in(n,2n)$ with $(\frac{-n}p)=-1$
Bertrand's postulate proved by Chebyshev states that for any $x>1$ there is a prime $p$ in the interval $(x,2x)$. In 2012 I considered some refinements of this by imposing additional requirement ...
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On the determinants $\det\left[(i\pm j)\left(\frac{i\pm j}p\right)\right]_{1\le i,j\le(p-1)/2}$
Let $p$ be an odd prime and define
$$D_p^+:=\det\left[(i+j)\left(\frac{i+j}p\right)\right]_{1\le i,j\le(p-1)/2}$$
and $$D_p^{-}:=\det\left[(i-j)\left(\frac{i-j}p\right)\right]_{1\le i,j\le(p-1)/2},$$
...
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On $\det\left[\frac1{i^2-ij+j^2}\right]_{1\le i,j\le p-1}$ and $\det\left[\frac1{i^2-ij+j^2}\right]_{1\le i,j\le (p-1)/2}$
QUESTION. Is my following conjecture true? If true, how to prove it?
Conjecture. Let $p$ be a prime with $p\equiv5\pmod 6$, and define the matrices $A_p$ and $B_p$ by
$$A_p:=\left[\frac1{i^2-ij+j^2}\...
- 15.6k
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A new formula for the class number of the quadratic field $\mathbb Q(\sqrt{(-1)^{(p-1)/2}p})$?
I have the following conjecture involving a possible new formula for the class number of the quadratic field $\mathbb Q(\sqrt{(-1)^{(p-1)/2}p})$ with $p$ an odd prime.
Conjecture. Let $p$ be an odd ...
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Does $(p-1)^2$ divide $\det[(\frac{i^2+cij+dj^2}p)]_{0\le i,j\le p-1}$ when $(\frac dp)=-1$?
Let $p$ be an odd prime. As in my paper, for $c,d\in\mathbb Z$ let us define
$$[c,d]_p:=\det\left[\left(\frac{i^2+cij+dj^2}p\right)\right]_{0\le i,j\le p-1},$$
where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre ...
- 15.6k
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On the determinant $\det[(\frac{i^2+dj^2}p)]_{0\le i,j\le(p-1)/2}$ with $(\frac dp)=-1$
Let $p$ be an odd prime. For $d\in\mathbb Z$ we define
$$T(d,p):=\det\left[\left(\frac{i^2+dj^2}p\right)\right]_{0\le i,j\le(p-1)/2},$$
where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol.
By (1.17) of my ...
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Is the permanent of the matrix $[(\frac{i+j}{2n+1})]_{0\le i,j\le n}$ always positive?
Recall that the permanent of an $n\times n$ matrix $A=[a_{i,j}]_{1\le i,j\le n}$ is defined by
$$\operatorname{per}A=\sum_{\sigma\in S_n}\prod_{i=1}^n a_{i,\sigma(i)}.$$
In 2004, R. Chapman [Acta ...
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A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (III)
As in Question 319254, for an odd prime $p$ and integers $c,d$ we define
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right),$$
where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol.
In my ...
- 15.6k
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0
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A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (II)
As in Question 319254, for an odd prime $p$ and integers $c,d$ we let
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right).$$ If $p\equiv1\pmod4$, then we obviously have
\begin{align}&\...
- 15.6k
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A series of conjectures on $\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p)$ (I)
Let $p$ be an odd prime. Here I introduce the sum
$$S_p(c,d):=\sum_{x=0}^{(p-1)/2}\left(\frac{x^5+cx^3+dx}p\right)$$
with $c,d\in\mathbb Z$, where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol.
I have a ...
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