Questions tagged [binary-quadratic-forms]

A binary quadratic form is a quadratic form in two variables.

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A cubic equation, and integers of the form $a^2+32b^2$

I am trying to determine whether there are any integers $x,y,z$ such that $$ 1+2 x+x^2 y+4 y^2+2 z^2 = 0. \quad\quad\quad (1) $$ It is clear that $x$ is odd. We can consider this equation as quadratic ...
Bogdan Grechuk's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
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Are there natural isomorphisms $S^{(2,1)}(k^{m+1})\cong k^2\otimes W$?

In this popular 2019 MO question, user მამუკა ჯიბლაძე asked: The spaces $\operatorname{S}^2(k^n)$ and $\Lambda^2(k^{n+1})$ from the title have equal dimensions. Is there a natural isomorphism between ...
Alvaro Martinez's user avatar
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Positive definite quadratic form algorithm

Let $f(x,y)= ax^2+bxy+cy^2$, or similarly denote it by $(a,b,c)$. This question is about the case $(1,0,p)$ where $p$ is prime. Suppose I have one solution $\bar{x}_1=(x_0,y_0)$ for $f(x,y)=m$ for ...
ReverseFlowControl's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
180 views

asymptotics of numbers represented by certain indefinite binary quadratic forms

A postdoc wrote to me, asking about about the asymptotic number of elements represented integrally by, say, $x^2 - n^3 y^2$ in the set of numbers $-N$ to $N.$ Actually, he included $x^2 - n^5 ...
Will Jagy's user avatar
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1 vote
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Solvability of two-variable quadratic equations with a parameter

(a) Prove that there exist infinitely many values of integer parameter $a$ such that equation $$ 2 x^2+a x y+y^2+1 = 0 $$ is solvable in integers $(x,y)$. (b) The same question for a similar equation $...
Bogdan Grechuk's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
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Is there an available English translation for Artin's "Quadratische Körper im Gebiete der höheren Kongruenzen"?

Otherwise, is it reasonable to work through the German edition with only a basic knowledge of German?
delpsi's user avatar
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Eisenstein series evaluated at $2i$

Consider the real analytic Eisenstein series defined by $$ E(z,s) := \sum_{\gamma\in\Gamma_\infty\setminus\Gamma} Im(\gamma z)^s $$ where as usual, $\Gamma=SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ and $\Gamma_\infty$ is the ...
Krishnarjun's user avatar
5 votes
0 answers
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Two conjectures for primes $p\equiv 1\pmod 8$

Motivated by my paper Quadratic residues and quartic residues modulo primes [Int. J. Number Theory 16 (2020), 1833-1858], here I pose two new conjectures for primes $p\equiv1\pmod8$ based on my ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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1 answer
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Integers representable as binary quadratic forms

It is known that odd prime $p$ can be represented as $p=x^2+y^2$ if and only if $p \equiv 1$ mod $4$, represented as $p=x^2+2y^2$ if and only if $p \equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $8$, represented as $p=x^2+3y^2$...
Bogdan Grechuk's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
231 views

Correspondence between class group of binary quadratic forms and the narrow class group via Dirichlet composition: an elementary approach?

I have been trying to explore and learn about connections between the form class group and the ideal class group. To be on the same page, we define the form class group of a negative discriminant $D \...
asrxiiviii's user avatar
4 votes
0 answers
129 views

Probability of quadratic real solutions

Solving geometric equations that sometimes lead to complex solutions made me wonder how commonly this occurs. I have two quadratic polynomial equations in $x$ and $y$, $$a\, x^2 + b\, x y + c\, y^2 + ...
Joseph O'Rourke's user avatar
4 votes
1 answer
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Clarification regarding a claim in Heilbronn’s 1934 paper

I was reading Heilbronn’s 1934 paper where he proves that $H(d) \to \infty$ as $d \to -\infty$, where $H(d)$ is the ideal class number of the imaginary quadratic field with discriminant $d$. I couldn'...
Melanka's user avatar
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1 answer
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$x^2+7y^2=2^n$ and sums of four squares

Lagrange's four square theorem states that each $m\in\mathbb N=\{0,1,2,\ldots\}$ can be written as a sum of four squares. Recently, I found that the diophantine equation $x^2+7y^2=2^n$ has certain ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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14 votes
1 answer
663 views

reference for: no finite set of positive (integer) binary quadratic forms represents all primes

This recent question asks for a set of forms (binary quadratic) representing all primes. Set of quadratic forms that represents all primes When the question was asked on MSE last month https://math....
Will Jagy's user avatar
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2 votes
1 answer
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A conjecture for primes $p\equiv\pm1\pmod5$

For any prime $p\equiv\pm1\pmod5$, we can write $p$ uniquely in the form $x_p^2+3x_py_p+y_p^2$ with $x_p,y_p\in\mathbb Z$ and $x_p>y_p>0$. I have the following conjecture. Conjecture. We have ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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3 votes
0 answers
192 views

Conjectures for primes $p\equiv1\pmod3$

Let $p$ be a prime with $p\equiv1\pmod3$. It is well known that we can write $p$ uniquely as $a_p^2+a_pb_p+b_p^2$ with $a_p,b_p\in\mathbb Z$ and $a_p>b_p>0$. Note that $a_b\not \equiv b_p\pmod3$....
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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7 votes
1 answer
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Questions involving primes $p\equiv1\pmod4$

As claimed by Fermat and proved by Euler, any prime $p\equiv1\pmod4$ can be written uniquely as $s_p^2+t_p^2$ with $s_p,t_p\in\{1,2,3,\ldots\}$, $2\nmid s_p$ and $2\mid t_p$. For any positive integer $...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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1 vote
0 answers
115 views

Number of representations by indefinite quadratic forms

Let $Q(x,y) = a x^2 + b x y + c y^2$ be a quadratic form with positive discriminant $d = b^2 - 4 a c > 0$. Is it true that the number of solutions to $Q(x,y) = n$ is bounded above by $\ll_{\...
WorldAnon's user avatar
6 votes
0 answers
186 views

Quadratic fields with moderately large fundamental units

Let $d > 1$ be a fundamental discriminant, and let $K_d = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d})$. Denote by $\varepsilon_d$ the fundamental unit of $\mathcal{O}_{K_d}$, namely the smallest algebraic integer $\...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
11 votes
1 answer
532 views

Infinite cyclic subgroups of $\text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$

Let $\Gamma = \operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$ be the usual modular group. It is well-known that $\Gamma$ contains infinitely many distinct (non-conjugate even) subgroups which are isomorphic to the ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
5 votes
2 answers
346 views

Representation of integers by principal binary quadratic forms

Let $k > 1$ be a positive, square-free integer. Consider the quadratic form $f_k(x,y) = x^2 - ky^2$. When $k$ is composite, is it easy to determine for which proper divisors $k^\prime$ of $k$ does ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
6 votes
0 answers
200 views

some problems on sum of two squares

During my experiments with "Mathematica" I arrived to the following observations. My question is that are they interesting, known, solved or not. If they are known could you please give me a reference....
asad's user avatar
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1 vote
0 answers
104 views

Equidistribution of integers and primes with respect to class group structure of imaginary quadratic fields

For a given positive integer $d$ such that $-d$ is a fundamental discriminant, put $h(-d)$ for the cardinality of the ideal class group of the imaginary quadratic field $K_d = \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-d})$, ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
6 votes
2 answers
793 views

Is the diophantine equation $3x^2+1=py^2$ always solvable for each prime $p\equiv 13\pmod{24}$?

In Question 337879, I conjectured that for any prime $p\equiv3\pmod4$ the equation $$3x^2+4\left(\frac p3\right)=py^2\tag{1}$$ always has integer solutions, where $(\frac p3)$ is the Legendre symbol. ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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3 votes
0 answers
127 views

Which integers are represented by fourth powers (with respect to Gauss composition) of binary quadratic forms?

Let $m$ be a positive integer. We say that $m$ can be represented by a binary quadratic form $$\displaystyle f(x,y) = ax^2 + bxy + cy^2, a,b,c \in \mathbb{Z}$$ if there exist integers $u,v$ such ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
376 views

Representation of two related integers by the same binary quadratic form

Let $f(x,y) = ax^2 + bxy - cy^2$ be an indefinite, irreducible, and primitive binary quadratic form. That is, we have $\gcd(a,b,c) = 1$ and $\Delta(f) = b^2 - 4ac > 0$ and not equal to a square ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
3 votes
0 answers
119 views

Does $(p-1)^2$ divide $\det[(\frac{i^2+cij+dj^2}p)]_{0\le i,j\le p-1}$ when $(\frac dp)=-1$?

Let $p$ be an odd prime. As in my paper, for $c,d\in\mathbb Z$ let us define $$[c,d]_p:=\det\left[\left(\frac{i^2+cij+dj^2}p\right)\right]_{0\le i,j\le p-1},$$ where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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3 votes
0 answers
108 views

Similar reduced integral matrices

Let $d\geq 1$ be an integer. I'm not assuming anything here about $d$ (it is not necessarily squarefree, for example), but if necessary I'm willing to reduce to the case where $d$ is squarefree and $-...
GreginGre's user avatar
  • 1,661
2 votes
1 answer
211 views

On the determinant $\det[(\frac{i^2+dj^2}p)]_{0\le i,j\le(p-1)/2}$ with $(\frac dp)=-1$

Let $p$ be an odd prime. For $d\in\mathbb Z$ we define $$T(d,p):=\det\left[\left(\frac{i^2+dj^2}p\right)\right]_{0\le i,j\le(p-1)/2},$$ where $(\frac{\cdot}p)$ is the Legendre symbol. By (1.17) of my ...
Zhi-Wei Sun's user avatar
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2 votes
0 answers
43 views

Distribution of binary quadratic forms in a given genus

It was brought up in this question (Distribution of 'square classes' of binary quadratic forms) that the objects I am interested in are actually binary quadratic forms in the principal genus ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
7 votes
1 answer
253 views

A class number estimate

Let $\mathcal{D} = \{D \in \mathbb{Z} : D \equiv 0, 1 \pmod{4}\}$ be the set of discriminants. It is well-known that each element in $\mathcal{D}$ is the discriminant of a primitive binary quadratic ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
6 votes
1 answer
291 views

Distribution of 'square classes' of binary quadratic forms

Let $f$ be a binary quadratic form with integer coefficients and non-zero discriminant $D$. Suppose for simplicity that $D$ is a fundamental discriminant (which in particular implies that $f$ is ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
2 votes
0 answers
115 views

Conjectural bound on gaps between values assumed by quadratic forms

Let $D$ be a discriminant, i.e., $D \equiv 1 \pmod{4}$ or $D \equiv 0 \pmod{4}$. Let $\mathcal{S}(D)$ be the set of positive integers for which there exists a binary quadratic form $f$ with integer ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
14 votes
2 answers
544 views

Equidistribution of CM points in the principal genus

It is well known that as the negative discriminant $-D$ goes to infinity, the number of quadratic forms of discriminant $-D$ belonging to the principal genus also goes to infinity. Can we say ...
Alison Miller's user avatar
6 votes
0 answers
691 views

From Bhargava to Gauss -- Why does correspondence of cubes and ideal classes imply Gauss correspondence?

In his seminal 2004 paper "Higher Composition Laws I" in the Annals of Mathematics, (doi:10.4007/annals.2004.159.217), Bhargava proves that for fixed $D \neq 0$, there is a bijective correspondence ...
Ashvin Swaminathan's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
452 views

Is the set of integers represented by a quadratic form of non-fundamental discriminant a subset of the rep. set of a form of fundamental discriminant?

I am currently working with positive-definite, reduced, primitive, integral binary quadratic forms, and I have noticed something interesting. Conjecture: Let $Q$ be a form of non-fundamental ...
Chris Donnay's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
194 views

2-parts of class numbers of binary quadratic forms for non-fundamental discriminants

I need a formula for the 2-adic valuation of the number of proper equivalence classes of primitive positive definite binary quadratic forms of discriminant $-D$, call it $h_0(-D)$. I'm sure the answer ...
MHMertens's user avatar
  • 189
8 votes
1 answer
745 views

Primes of the form $x^2 + y^2 + 1$

There are infinitely many primes of the form $x^2+y^2+1$, as proved by Bredihin. Motohashi improved the result by showing that there were $\gg x/\log^2 x$ such primes up to $x$. But we expect $\Theta(...
Charles's user avatar
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0 votes
1 answer
103 views

Elementary description to count of perfect squares - II

What can we say about growth of smallest gap $g(a)$ which is the smallest $|x-y|$ where $0\leq x,y\leq\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor$ and $\sqrt{x(a-x)},\sqrt{y(a-y)}\in\Bbb Z$? Is $g(a)=1\iff a=b^2+...
Turbo's user avatar
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0 votes
1 answer
130 views

Elementary description to count of perfect squares - I

Is there an elementary description of $$N(a)=\Big|\Big\{x\in\{0,1,\dots,\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor-1,\Big\lfloor\frac a2\Big\rfloor\Big\}:\sqrt{x(a-x)}\in\Bbb Z\}\Big|$$ and though likely non-...
Turbo's user avatar
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4 votes
1 answer
114 views

A question on homogeneous quadratic vector fields

Let $B(-,-): \mathbb{R}^n \times \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$ be a symmetric bilinear map. I am interested in the system of ODEs: $\frac{dx}{dt} = B(x,x)$ Assume there exists some inner product $g(...
Malkoun's user avatar
  • 4,991
1 vote
0 answers
94 views

Reducible binary quadratic form

Let $f(x,y)=(ex+fy)(gx+hy); \ x,y,e,f,g,h \in \mathbb{Z}$ be a reducible integral binary quadratic form. Is there a criterion to determine if a number is represented by this form? In particular, does ...
Max Power's user avatar
9 votes
2 answers
541 views

The mean value of $y \log{y}$ over the ordinates of the CM points

Let $-D < 0$ be a negative fundamental discriminant and let $y$ range over the values $y = y_Q = \frac{\sqrt{|D|}}{2a}$, as the values $(a,b,c)$ run through the reduced binary quadratic forms $Q = ...
Vesselin Dimitrov's user avatar
4 votes
0 answers
148 views

Local-to-global principle for equivalence of binary quadratic forms

Let $f,g$ be irreducible binary quadratic forms with integer coefficients. Define the twisted action of $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{R})$ on $f$ by $$\displaystyle f_T(x,y) = \frac{1}{\det T} f(t_1 ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
-1 votes
1 answer
112 views

Classifying binary quadratic forms by the set of representable squares

Let $f$ be a positive definite binary quadratic form with integer coefficients. Define $$\displaystyle S_f = \{n \in \mathbb{N} : \exists (x,y) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 \text{ s.t. } f(x,y) = n^2\}.$$ ...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
321 views

Equivalence of binary quadratic forms over $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{Q}_p)$ or $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p)$

Let $f(x,y) = ax^2 + bxy + cy^2$ be a binary quadratic form with integer coefficients and non-zero discriminant $\Delta(f)$. It is well-known that $f$ is $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{R})$-equivalent (...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
1 vote
2 answers
280 views

On the notion of primary representation of a natural number by a quadratic form

This "discussion" has to do with some of the material we can find in pages 183-186 of the translation into English of the first part of E. Landau's Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie (published by the ...
José Hdz. Stgo.'s user avatar
9 votes
0 answers
269 views

Cancellation in a sum of Möbius evaluated along a quadratic form

Let $Q(x,y)$ be an indefinite binary quadratic form. Suppose $0 < B < \sqrt{A} $ are such that $B \gg \sqrt{A}$. Is it true one can save an arbitrary power of log from the trivial bound in $$...
George Shakan's user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
380 views

On the equivalence of a pair of binary quadratic forms

Let $f,g, u,v \in \mathbb{Z}[x,y]$ be binary quadratic forms with co-prime coefficients. We say that the pair $(f,g)$ and $(u,v)$ are $\operatorname{GL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$-equivalent if there exists $T = \...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
95 views

Counting 'admissible' binary quadratic forms

Let $f(x,y) = f_2 x^2 + f_1 xy + f_0 y^2$ be a primitive, positive definite, and reduced binary quadratic form. Put $k_f$ for the fundamental discriminant associated to $f$. That is, $k_f$ is square-...
Stanley Yao Xiao's user avatar