All Questions
Tagged with limits-and-convergence pr.probability
184 questions
27
votes
4
answers
3k
views
Rate of convergence of $\frac{1}{\sqrt{n\ln n}}(\sum_{k=1}^n 1/\sqrt{X_k}-2n)$, $X_i$ i.i.d. uniform on $[0,1]$?
Let $(X_n)$ be a sequence of i.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed in $[0,1]$; and, for $n\geq 1$, set
$$
S_n = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{\sqrt{X_k}}\,.
$$
It follows from the generalized central ...
- 1,372
27
votes
5
answers
3k
views
How to show a function converges to 1
Consider the following recurrence relation in two variables:
$$f(a, b) = \frac{a}{a+b} f(a-1,b)+ \frac{b}{a+b}f(a+1,b-1) $$
for positive integers $a$ and $b$,
with the boundary conditions $f(0,b)=0$ ...
- 3,377
16
votes
0
answers
309
views
Randomized Pascal's triangle: What is the average of all the numbers?
This question was posted on MSE. It received some interesting responses, but no definite answer.
Let's build a variation of Pascal's triangle. We write $1$'s going down the sides, as usual. Then for ...
- 3,527
12
votes
1
answer
330
views
Convergence of an implicitly defined sequence of random variables
Let $\{X_n\}_{n\ge 1}$ be a sequence of independent identically distributed Poisson random variables with mean $\lambda^*$. Consider a sequence of random variables $\{\hat{\lambda}_{n}\}_{n\ge 1}$ ...
- 171
10
votes
2
answers
2k
views
Central Limit Theorem (and Berry-Esseen theorem) for non-independent variables
Consider the triangular array $X_{n,k}$ such that, for each $n>0$, the variables $(X_{n,1},\cdots,X_{n,n})$ have the following properties:
For any given $1 \le L \le n$, all
subsets of
$(X_{n,1},\...
- 325
9
votes
1
answer
8k
views
Convergence rate of the central limit theorem near the center of the distribution
I'm looking for fast convergence rates for the central limit theorem - when we are not near the tails of the distribution.
Specifically, from the general convergence rates stated in the Berry–Esseen ...
- 968
9
votes
1
answer
556
views
Berry-Esseen bound for martingale sequence with varying and dependent variances
Let $(X_{1},\ldots,X_{k},\ldots)$ be a martingale difference sequence, i.e.
$$
E[X_{k}|\mathcal{F}_{k-1}] = 0
$$
where $\mathcal{F}_{k-1}$ is the $\sigma$-algebra filtration at $k-1$.
Let $\sigma_{...
- 719
8
votes
2
answers
537
views
Famous results about the value of a given limit assuming it exists
Chebyshev got famous showing that if the limit $l:=\lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{\pi(x)}{x/\log x}$ exists, then necessarily $l=1$, constituting a major breakthrough towards a proof of the famous prime ...
- 6,984
8
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Rate of convergence of Bayesian posterior
Suppose a data generating process (DGP) is parameterized by some unknown parameter $\theta_0$, say $P_{\theta_0}$, and we want to estimate the value of $\theta_0$ using Bayesian method. Let $\pi(\...
- 183
7
votes
1
answer
556
views
A variation on the Borel–Cantelli lemma theme
Let $X,X_0,X_1,\dots$ be nonnegative independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables. Let
\begin{equation*}
E:=\bigcap_{n\ge0}B_n,
\end{equation*}
where
\begin{equation*}
B_n:=\...
- 128k
7
votes
1
answer
261
views
Comparison of several topologies for probability measures
Let $X$ be a compact metric space and denote $\mathcal M(X)$ the set of probability measures on $X$. For $\mu\in\mathcal M(X)$ we write $\operatorname{supp} \mu$ for the support of $\mu$. As is well ...
- 243
7
votes
2
answers
698
views
Convergence rate of the convolution of almost uniform measures on $\mathbb{Z}_p$
Statement Given a finite abelian group $G$ and two independent random variables $X,Y$ taking values in $G$ and satisfying $d_{TV}(X,U_G)\leqslant \delta$ and $d_{TV}(Y,U_G)\leqslant \delta$ (where $...
- 696
7
votes
1
answer
259
views
Normal distribution by successive approximation?
$\newcommand\R{\mathbb R}\newcommand\la\lambda$It is well known and easy to see that the rotationally invariant
product of two probability measures on $\R$ has to be a Gaussian (or Dirac) measure; see ...
- 128k
6
votes
2
answers
774
views
Probability of winning game whereby $T+1$ heads in a row of a coin flip is required to win where $T$ is the number of cumulative tails flipped
I have a weird question which probably seems out of place here but it has proven more difficult than anticipated. I am going to describe the game without showing work toward a solution. Numerically, ...
user504691
6
votes
1
answer
809
views
Probability that a positive integer is in the range of the Euler phi function
Define $f(n) = |\{m : m\le n, \exists k \text{ s.t. }\phi(k) = m\}|$.
Clearly, $f(n)\le \left\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\right\rfloor + 1$ since $\phi(n)$ is even for all $n > 2$.
Is $\limsup_{n\...
- 1,890
6
votes
1
answer
374
views
Large deviation for Brownian path on $[0,\infty)$
It seems strange to me that all we can find about Schilder's theorem in the literature is on a finite interval of Brownian path.
If we equip the space of continuous function starting from $0$, ...
- 123
6
votes
0
answers
120
views
Intuition behind the local limit theorem in hyperbolic groups
Let $\Gamma$ be a finitely generated group and let $\mu$ be a probability measure on $\Gamma$. Denote by $X_n$ the induced random walk. Finally, let $p_n=\mu^{*n}(e)=P_e(X_n=e)$. The local limit ...
- 2,090
6
votes
0
answers
1k
views
Interplay between CLT and convergence in Total Variation
Given a random variable $X$ with bounded moments such that $E[X] = 0, E[X^2] = 1$, let $F_n$ denote the distribution $\sum\limits_{i=1}^d\frac{X_i}{\sqrt{n}}$ where each $X_i$ is an independent copy ...
- 393
5
votes
4
answers
917
views
Limit of a sum with binomial coefficients
Let $$A_k = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^ki{2k-i-1 \choose i-1}{i-1 \choose k-i}}{k{2k-1\choose k}}$$
$$B_k = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^ki{2k-i-2 \choose i-1}{i \choose k-i}}{k{2k-1\choose k}}$$
$$C_k = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^k(...
- 155
5
votes
3
answers
5k
views
Distribution of the individual coordinates of a uniform random vector on a high-dimensional sphere
Let $X=(X_1,\ldots,X_n)$ be a random vector uniformly distributed on the $n$-dimensional sphere of radius $R > 0$. Intuitively, i think that for large $p$ every coordinate $X_i$ is normally ...
- 6,853
5
votes
1
answer
619
views
Weak convergence of random variables in $L^2$ and vague convergence
Dumb question: Let $X_n:\Omega \to \mathbf{R}$ be a sequence of $L^2(\Omega,\Sigma,\mathbf{P})$ random variables that has a weak limit $X$ in $L^2$.
Suppose also that $\mu_n$, the distributions of $...
- 941
5
votes
2
answers
684
views
Asymptotic Expansion of Distribution in Central Limit Theorem for Non-Identically Distributed Random Variables
My question is related to the following theorem (e.g. Section XVI.4 of Feller's 1971 book): Let $Z_i$ $(i=1,\cdots,n)$ be independent and identically distributed random variables with mean zero, ...
- 325
5
votes
1
answer
4k
views
When is the limit of Martingales a Martingale?
I have a sequence of continuous time random variables $X_n(t)$ where $t \in [0,1]$. Suppose that there is a filtration $F_t$ such that for each $n$, $X_n$ is a martingale with respect to this ...
- 195
5
votes
1
answer
295
views
Constructive Central Limit Theorem
Background: Let $\{a_i\}_{i=1}^n$ be i.i.d. random variables with zero-mean and unit variance, on a probability space $\Omega$. Define $$s_n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sum_{i\leq n} a_i$$
Central limit ...
- 159
5
votes
0
answers
184
views
Question about $n$ random points in a regular polygon, and a limiting probability
Suppose we choose $n$ uniformly random points in a disk, then draw the smallest circle that encloses all of those points. There is evidence suggesting that the probability that the enclosing circle is ...
- 3,527
5
votes
0
answers
1k
views
Asymptotic behavior of row sums in 2-d array of random variables
Set-up. Let $f : \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$ be increasing. For each $m \in [0,1]$, consider an infinite two-dimensional array of random variables, where row $n$ has $f(n)$ variables:
$B^m_{1,1}$ $B^...
- 61
4
votes
2
answers
864
views
Uniform Convergence of Moment Generating Function
In the article, "The Empirical Moment Generating Function" by Csörgö, the author defines the empirical moment generating function for a sample of $n$ variables $X_1,X_2, \dots, X_n$ as:
$$
\begin{...
- 141
4
votes
1
answer
2k
views
Examples of convergence in distribution not implying convergence in moments
It is well know that the convergence in distributions does not necessarily imply convergence in expectation, but implies convergence in expectation of bounded continuous functions.
Let $\{X_n\}$ be a ...
- 227
4
votes
2
answers
349
views
Does the average of correlated Gaussian random variables with mean zero and different variances converge in probability to their mean?
Let $X_i\sim N(0,\sigma_i^2)$ and $\operatorname{Corr}(X_i,X_j)>0$. Is it possible to show that $$\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N X_i \overset{p}\rightarrow E[X_i]=0.$$ Do you have a reference to a law of ...
4
votes
3
answers
914
views
Sample average L1 convergence speed
Say $X_1, \cdots, X_n$ are i.i.d random variables with mean zero, let $S_n = \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$, we know by SLLN $$\frac{S_n}{n}\rightarrow 0\text{ a.s}$$
We could further know that the sequence of ...
- 173
4
votes
1
answer
205
views
Show that $\frac{1}{2 \pi i} \oint_{\mathbb{S}^1} \frac{1-\hat{f}(\xi)}{1-\xi}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{d} \xi}{\xi^{n+1}} \to 0$ as $n \to \infty$
Let $f = (f_0,f_1,\ldots,f_n,\ldots) \in \mathcal{P}(\mathbb N)$ be a probability distribution on $\mathbb N$ and denote by $$\hat{f}(z) = \sum_{n\geq 0} z^n f_n$$ for its probability generating ...
- 730
4
votes
2
answers
783
views
Convergence almost everywhere of characteristic functions
Let $(\Phi_n)_n$ be the characteristic functions of probability measures $(\mu_n)_n$ and let $\Phi$ be the characteristic function of a probability measure $\mu$.
Do you know an example where $\Phi_n(...
- 93
4
votes
1
answer
265
views
Can a probability distribution from summing alternating signs have atoms?
Suppose $a_n > 0$ is a sequence of real numbers in $l^2 \setminus l^1$. i.e. $\sum a_n^2 < \infty$ but $\sum a_n = \infty$.
If $B_n$ are an infinite sequence of independent Bernoulli random ...
- 1,331
4
votes
2
answers
327
views
Estimate on gaussian distribution
Let X be an $\mathbb R^d$-valued random variable with distribution $N_d(0,\Sigma)$. I'm looking for a function $f$ such that
$$P(|X_1|\leq M, |X_2|\leq M,\dots, |X_d|\leq M)\geq f(M),$$
and such that $...
- 293
4
votes
1
answer
478
views
Order statistic - Rate of convergence of a p-quantile to the expectation
Fix some $k\in\mathbb N$ and some probability $p\in[0,1]$. Denote with $F_n$ the cdf of the k-th highest oder statistic (i.e. the distribution of the k-th highest draw) of $n$ draws from a uniform ...
- 43
4
votes
1
answer
156
views
When does a gaussian quadratic form converge (in probability) to a constant?
Let $(h_{ij})_{i,j \in \mathbb N}$ be a sequence of real numbers (deterministic) and let $x_1,\ldots,x_n,\ldots$ be a sequence of iid $N(0,1)$ randm variables. For each positive integer $n$, consider ...
- 6,853
4
votes
1
answer
196
views
Error for the convergence by distribution
A sequence of random variables $X_n$ converges in distribution to $X$, if there is pointwise convergence of its characteristic functions, i.e. $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\phi_{X_n}(\lambda) = \phi_X(\...
- 497
4
votes
1
answer
87
views
Distance between trunctated random walk and its normal form
I have $$X_i \sim N(0,1), \quad S_n=X_1+\cdots+X_n,$$
$$ \mathscr{S}_n (t, \omega) := \frac{1}{ \sqrt{n} } \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left[ S_{i-1} (\omega ) + n \left( t - \frac{i-1}{n} \right) X_{i}(\omega) \...
- 43
4
votes
2
answers
145
views
Understanding equiprobable trinomial identity
With $f(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_1+x_2+x_3;\,1/3,1/3,1/3):= \frac{(x_1+x_2+x_3)!}{x_1!\,x_2!\,x_3!\, 3^{x_1+x_2+x_3}}$ denoting the probability mass function of the equiprobable trinomial distribution as in wiki/...
- 284
4
votes
1
answer
537
views
Convergence of random variables with hypergeometric distribution
This is a very interesting conjecture of large scale property of hypergeometric distribution.
Let $a>1$ be a integer constant, $N\in\mathbb{N_+}$, for any $x<N-1$, consider $N+(a-1)x$ balls in ...
- 71
4
votes
0
answers
2k
views
Does rate of convergence in probability come from a metric?
In general, when we talk about convergence of a sequence, we need a topological space. If we want to talk about a rate of convergence, we need to quantify how far away one element of the sequence is ...
- 63
4
votes
1
answer
1k
views
Quantile convergence
Let $X^1,\dots,X^n$ be a sample of (not necessarily iid) random variables and denote
$$F^n(x)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n \mathbf 1_{X^i\leq x}$$
the empirical distribution function. Suppose that we know ...
- 293
3
votes
1
answer
561
views
On the convergence in total variation
$\newcommand\R{\mathbb R}$For a probability measure $\mu$ over $\R^2$ and a unit vector $u\in\R^2$, let $\mu^u$ denote the pushforward of $\mu$ under the projection map $\R^2\ni x\mapsto u\cdot x\in\R$...
- 128k
3
votes
2
answers
1k
views
Is there a notion of Convergence in PDF/PMF
I am learning about local limit theorems. The following example is probably why we don't have a "convergence in density/pmf."
Ex: $X_1,X_2,\ldots$ is a sequence of independent RVs with mean $a$ and ...
- 329
3
votes
2
answers
387
views
Definition of weak conditional convergence of random variables
I am looking for a definition of conditional convergence. Suppose that $X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n$ are $\mathbb R$-valued random variables with finite second moments, and $W_1, W_2, \dots, W_n$ are iid $\...
- 103
3
votes
3
answers
292
views
A question in central limit theorem
Suppose $\{X_n,n\ge1\}$ are independent r.v., $E(X_n)=0$, $\operatorname{Var} \left(X_n\right)=\sigma_n^2<\infty$. Set $S_n=\sum_{i=1}^nX_i$ and $s_n^2=\sum_{i=1}^n\sigma_i^2$, assume
$$\frac{S_n}{...
- 141
3
votes
1
answer
396
views
A convergence problem
I have a math/stat problem where I need to show the convergence of the average of a sequence of experiments to an interval. The sequence of experiments is not i.i.d., hence the standard law of large ...
- 108
3
votes
1
answer
162
views
Weak convergence of Dirichlet distributions to a "multi-Bernoulli" distribution
For a positive vector $\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^n$ ($n\geq 1$), denote by $\text{Dir}(\alpha)$ the Dirichlet distribution with parameter $\alpha$. In terms of weak convergence, is it true that, if $\sum\...
- 449
3
votes
1
answer
380
views
Uniform convergence of 2-norm of a multinomial vector
Let $(X_1,X_2,\ldots,X_k)$ be distributed according to a multinomial distribution with parameters $(n;p_1,p_2,\ldots, p_k),$ i.e.
$$P(X_1=n_1,\ldots,X_k=n_k) = {n\choose n_1,n_2,\ldots,n_k} p_1^{n_1}...
- 1,269
3
votes
1
answer
216
views
Does martingale convergence hold for arbitrary time?
Let $\{\mathcal B_i:i\in I\}$ be a family of $\sigma$-algebras (over the same set $\Omega$) which are totally ordered by inclusion, in the sense that for any $i,j\in I$ either $\mathcal B_i\subset\...
- 1,701