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34 votes
3 answers
5k views

A trigonometric equation: how hard could it be?

The following problem started out with a formulation in terms of complex numbers: let $\epsilon=e^{\frac{\pi i}3}$ and $z=e^{\frac{2\pi i}{3(2n-1)}}$. It's rather amusing that the following appears to ...
T. Amdeberhan's user avatar
18 votes
3 answers
1k views

Show that $(\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\cos{k})^2+(\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\sin{k})^2\le (2+\frac{n}{4})\sum_{k=1}^{n}x^2_{k}$

Let $x_{1},x_{2},\cdots,x_{n}>0$, show that $$\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\cos{k}\right)^2+\left(\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\sin{k}\right)^2\le \left(2+\dfrac{n}{4}\right)\sum_{k=1}^{n}x^2_{k}$$ This ...
jack's user avatar
  • 3,153
4 votes
1 answer
1k views

The cotangent sum $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(-1)^k\cot\Big(\frac{\pi}{4n}(2k+1)\Big)=n$

On the Wolfram Research Reference page for the cotangent function (https://functions.wolfram.com/ElementaryFunctions/Cot/23/01/), I saw the following partial sum formula $$\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(-1)^k\cot\...
bryanjaeho's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
692 views

What is the Jacobi-Anger expansion of $\sin^{[k]} (\theta) $?

Cross-post from MSE. The Jacobi-Anger expansion gives expressions for functional iterates of trigonometric functions in terms of Bessel functions. For instance, we have $$\sin(z \sin(\theta)) = 2 \...
Max Lonysa Muller's user avatar
4 votes
1 answer
377 views

Identities for Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind

While calculating an integral in a quantum mechanical problem by two different methods, I came across the following identity $$\sum_{k=0}^n\sum_{m=0}^{2k}(-2)^m\binom{2(n-k)}{n-k}\binom{2k}{k}\binom{...
Zurab Silagadze's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
156 views

Fejer-Jackson-like inequality with divisor sum

A question was recently asked about a generalization of the Fejer-Jackson inequality $$\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{\sin kx}{k}\gt 0 \quad \forall\: n\in\mathbb{Z}^+\: \text{and}\: 0\lt x\lt\pi$$ to ...
ljk's user avatar
  • 105