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Topology of cell complexes and manifolds, classification of manifolds (e.g. smoothing, surgery), low dimensional topology (e.g. knot theory, invariants of 4-manifolds), embedding theory, combinatorial and PL topology, geometric group theory, infinite dimensional topology (e.g. Hilbert cube manifolds, theory of retracts).

67 votes
Accepted

Poincaré Conjecture and the Shape of the Universe

In Einstein's theory of General Relativity, the universe is a 4-manifold that might well be fibered by 3-dimensional time slices. If a particular spacetime that doesn't have such a fibration, then it …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
47 votes

Can every manifold be given an analytic structure?

There is an amazing theorem of Morrey and Grauert that says that not only does every (paracompact) smooth manifold have a real analytic structure, the real analytic structure is unique. Using Whitney …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
37 votes
Accepted

What (if anything) happened to Intersection Homology?

Intersection homology and cohomology are still around, but as a topic they have just substantially been renamed. They are part of the theory of perverse sheaves, which are widely used in the Langland …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
32 votes
Accepted

Why is Casson's invariant worth studying?

Wikipedia's description of the Casson invariant gives the first important reason to study it. As an invariant that comes from the $\text{SU}(2)$ representation variety of $\pi_1(M)$, it reveals in pa …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
29 votes
Accepted

Manifolds are paracompact

Theorem: A countable atlas of charts for a Hausdorff $n$-manifold $M$ can be refined to a locally finite atlas. In fact, each chart only needs to be trimmed. Proof: Let $U_1,U_2,\ldots$ be the chart …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
24 votes

Are there any very hard unknots?

There are really two questions here: (1) Can you an untangle any unknot with relatively little work, say a polynomial number of geometric moves of some kind? (2) Given a knot, can you quickly figure …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
24 votes
Accepted

Homotopies of triangulations

The standard name for this type of relation between two structures on $X$ is concordance rather than homotopy. If two structures on $X$ are isotopic (with the respect to the appropriate homeomorphism …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
22 votes
Accepted

Riemannian metrics on non-paracompact manifolds

On the contrary, the long line does not have a Riemannian metric. Every countable subset of the long line has a least upper bound, so if it were Riemannian then a geodesic ray in the long direction w …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
21 votes

Are there piecewise-linear unknots that are not metrically unknottable?

There is a survey paper on this general topic by Robert Connelly and Erik Demaine. As David Eppstein just posted, the answer is yes in 3D. However, it is a famous result of those two authors and Gun …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
17 votes
Accepted

Embeddings of $S^2$ in $\mathbb{CP}^2$

The conjecture that every $S^2 \subseteq \mathbb{C}P^2$ is standard if it is homologous to flat is implied by the smooth Poincaré conjecture in 4 dimensions. It also implies a special of smooth Poinc …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
17 votes

Intuition behind Alexander duality

I read Alexander duality as saying "If you have any type of doughnut in a sphere, then the outside must have handles or islands that fill the doughnut's holes." The proof that Ryan outlines exactly m …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
15 votes

Classification of homology 3-spheres?

On the other hand, there is no particular classification of hyperbolic homology 3-spheres, much less hyperbolic links in homology 3-spheres, other than in general terms that they all come from hyperbo …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
12 votes

Singular chains in Spivak's Calculus on Manifolds

It's clearly an elementary oversight that, on the other hand, doesn't matter for the real development of the material. Yes, the chain $c$ ought to be at least $C^1$ for the pullback to be continuous …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
11 votes

Rugged manifold

To expand on Ryan's comment: A handle decomposition of a manifold is a restricted type of quotient of a disjoint union of handles. An $n$-dimensional $k$-handle is by definition the manifold $B^k \t …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar
10 votes

Utility of virtual knot theory?

My view of virtual knot theory: An R-matrix is a tensor with four indices that, in a natural sense, satisfies the Reidmeister relations. Actually it is enough to consider the third Reidemeister rela …
Greg Kuperberg's user avatar

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