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A quick Google search shows that most of Nieuw Arch. Wisk. is digitized; you can find the relevant volume here.

Disclaimer: This answer is mostly an extended comment coming from my attempt to understand the answer of BR. However, the time I invested in it made me think that someone else would find it useful. Es …

I am a bit puzzled by your question. Do you mean the Lagrange's theorem stating that the order of a subgroup divides the order of the group? In that case, even for the semigroups defined in your secon …

1,3 and partly 4: Alekseev's "Abel's Theorem" is apparently translated into English.

What follows is mostly a list of book that I was recommended as best books in the respective area by those who were teaching me mathematics in Moscow (with some additions I came across later). Gener …

Interesting/uninteresting is a very subjective thing, so let me try to just say several things that I see immediately. 0) This algebra, unlike the Witt algebra, does not have any [obvious] grading, …

A slightly more relevant reference to OEIS than Samuele Giraudo gave is http://oeis.org/A027375. In particular, there one finds the formula $$ a_n = \sum_{d\mid n} \mu(d)2^{n/d} $$ which in fact ea …

The following is too long for a comment, so let me type it as an answer though it does not literally answer your question. Using the standard formula $$ T\_{2k-1}=(-1)^{k-1}2^{2k}(2^{2k}-1)\frac{B_{ …

To elaborate on Peter Arndt's answer a bit: indeed, considering terms as 1-cells and rewriting rules as 2-cells, you can indeed obtain a rather productive higher categorical view on various constructi …

It is a bit long for a comment. Your question is about the matrix $A=(\cos((i-j)))_{i,j=1\ldots n}$, specifically, the maximum of the quadratic form $q(x)=(Ax,x)$ on the subset $M_+$ of the unit sp …

Another possibility is to consider group elements rather than commutators. If you take the matrices $A=\mathrm{diag}(1,\xi,\ldots,\xi^{n-1})$ and $B=\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0&\cdots&0&0\\ 0&0&1&\cdots&0&0\ …

I personally like this note of John Baez: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/braids/node4.html

We have $$\sin\frac{\pi}{9}+\sin\frac{2\pi}9-\sin\frac{4\pi}9=\sin\frac{2\pi}{18}+\sin\frac{4\pi}{18}-\sin\frac{8\pi}{18}=\sin\frac{2\pi}{18}-\sin\frac{8\pi}{18}+\sin\frac{14\pi}{18},$$ and the latte …

This is a difficult and very interesting question. As explained in comments and the other answer, the problem is as stated is "wild", but There are many special versions of it where something can be s …

There are lots of papers dealing with representation-theoretic questions and universal enveloping algebras using Gröbner bases. Some examples are given by these: 1, 2, 3, 4.