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Questions designed to get an overview of a specific subject or body of results or to understand the relations among similar definitions, techniques or concepts appearing in different sub-fields of mathematics. While such questions by their very nature sometimes cannot be made very narrow and focused, it can be helpful to keep in mind that the design of MathOverflow does not make it a good fit for questions that are too broad.

20 votes

Why is the definition of the higher homotopy groups the "right one"?

There are many things to say here. Here's one. Suppose you want to classify all spaces up to (weak) homotopy equivalence, or equivalently all CW complexes up to homotopy equivalence. The zeroth step i …
38 votes
Accepted

Linear algebra in terms of abstract nonsense?

To my mind there are two classes of interesting categorical facts here, loosely speaking "additive" facts and "multiplicative" facts. Some additive facts: Finite-dimensional vector spaces over $k$ h …
Qiaochu Yuan's user avatar
47 votes
Accepted

Grothendieck says: points are not mere points, but carry Galois group actions

Suppose $k$ is a field, not necessarily algebraically closed. $\text{Spec } k$ fails to behave like a point in many respects. Most basically, its "finite covers" (Specs of finite etale $k$-algebras) c …
Qiaochu Yuan's user avatar
9 votes

What's so special about $1$-categories?

You should increase your category level if you think it'll help you understand something you're thinking about. Otherwise, don't. To the extent that there's something special about $1$-categories, it …
36 votes
Accepted

Why are polynomials so useful in mathematics?

Polynomials are, essentially by definition, precisely the operations one can write down starting from addition and multiplication. More formally, polynomials with coefficients in a commutative ring $R …
6 votes

Getting the story of Dynkin and Satake diagrams straight

2 is false. The smallest counterexample is $\mathfrak{sl}_2(\mathbb{R})$. A necessary and sufficient condition for a semisimple real Lie algebra to be the Lie algebra of a compact Lie group is that th …
Qiaochu Yuan's user avatar
27 votes

Why the triangle inequality?

The triangle inequality is natural. In any setting where the metric is related to some kind of optimization problem, for example if $d(a, b)$ measures the "length" of the "shortest path" between point …
8 votes

What is the high-concept explanation on why real numbers are useful in number theory?

Someone once suggested on MO that this is because on the one hand Matiyasevich's theorem shows that no algorithm can solve Diophantine equations over $\mathbb{Z}$ (and the corresponding result is not …
15 votes

Surprising and Useful Physical Intuition for Mathematical Objects

Kirillov's orbit method in representation theory establishes a correspondence (which is not exact in general) between irreducible unitary representations of a Lie group $G$ and orbits of the action of …
8 votes

Surprising and Useful Physical Intuition for Mathematical Objects

There are several examples at the number theory and physics archive. To get you started let me mention the statistical-mechanical interpretation of the Riemann zeta function as the partition function …
31 votes

Theorems that are 'obvious' but hard to prove

Subgroups of free groups are free. The plausible argument is that any relation satisfied in a subgroup must somehow translate to a relation satisfied in the larger group. Nowadays I guess most peopl …
27 votes

What advanced area of mathematics can be delved into with only basic calculus and linear alg...

Stillwell's Naive Lie theory was essentially written as an answer to this question. I quote from the introduction: It seems to have been decided that undergraduate mathematics today rests on tw …
20 votes

Thinking and Explaining

When I talk about determinants, I generally talk about something on the spectrum between "it measures how much volume scales" and "it's the induced action on the top exterior power." But the way I th …
3 votes

What are interesting families of subsets of a given set?

Some people are interested in coarse structures. I am told they allow one to study the "large-scale" rather than "small-scale" structure of spaces. The Wikipedia article has references.
Qiaochu Yuan's user avatar
10 votes

Why are modular forms interesting?

Lots of good answers so far, and I hope that someone talks about Moonshine at some point. Let me just briefly mention an application which hasn't been mentioned so far to class field theory. Special …

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