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Related to this question and Alexander Kalmynin's answer. For natural $n$ define $J(n)=(2^{n-1}-1) \bmod n^2$ and if $n$ is power of two define $J(2^n)=1$ (this is artificial, just to avoid triviality ...

Integer $n$ is Wieferich number if $2^{\phi(n)}-1 \equiv 0 \pmod {n^2}$. Wieferich prime is Wieferich number with $n$ prime. It is an open problem if there are infinitely many Wieferich primes and ...

$\DeclareMathOperator\Orb{Orb}\newcommand\abs[1]{\lvert#1\rvert}$The Collatz or the $3n+1$ conjecture is open. Are there non-trivial polynomials $f(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$ and $g(x)\in\mathbb R[x]$ having ...

The Collatz or the $3n+1$ conjecture is open. Is there a specific polynomial $f(x)\in\mathbb Z[x]$ whose range is unbounded for which every integer of form $|f(m)|$ at $m\in\mathbb Z$ satisfies $3n+1$...