Are all symmetries of the Dirichlet functional isometries?

This is a cross-post from MSE (no answer there).

Let $M,N$ be oriented $d$-dimensional Riemannian manifolds, $M$ compact*, and let $f:M \to N$ be smooth.

Consider the Dirichlet energy functional: $E_{M,N}(f)=\int_M \|df\|^2 \operatorname{Vol}_g$. ($\operatorname{Vol}_g$ is the Riemannian volume form of $M$).

Fix another $d$-dimensional Riemannian manifold $W$. For every isometric immersion $\phi:N \to W$,

$$E_{M,N}(f)=E_{M,W}(\phi \circ f) \, \text{ for any } \, f:M \to N. \tag{1}$$

Let us call a smooth map $\phi$ which sarisfies $(1)$ a symmetry of the Dirichlet's integral.

Question: Is every symmetry an isometric immersion?

Does anything change if we restrict the symmetries to be invertible maps? (or diffeomorphisms)?

Has this notion of symmetry been studied in the context of mappings between manifolds? (In more "classical Euclidean" settings I found similar notions by the name of "variational symmetry groups").

*We can relax the compactness assumption, but then we need to restrict the discussion to maps which are constant outside a compact domain.

$(1)$ The "pointwise analog" is trivial:

If $B \in M_d$, and for every $A \in M_d$, $\|BA\|=\|A\|$ (where $\| \|$ is the Euclidean norm), then $B$ is an orthogonal matrix.

The challenge is that the notion of a Dirichlet's-symmetry is a global one, while the concept of isometric immersion is local.

I think the rough idea should be to choose "test maps" $f$ which are very "localized" (are constant outside small balls). However, this does not seem trivial, since the differential would have to pass from a given linear map to zero, so its norm would vary. (Think of a bump function which goes quickly from one to zero, you can't make the integral of the derivative small).

$(2)$ The answer could a-priori depend on the manifolds. Even the case where $M$ is an Euclidean ball in $\mathbb{R}^d$, $N=W=\mathbb{R}^d$, the answer does not seem to be trivial (see the previous comment).

• If you compose at the source rather than at the target, $\phi:M_1\to M_2$ may preserve the Dirichlet integral in the sense that $E_{M_2,N}(f)=E_{M_1,N}(f\circ \phi)$ while not being an isometry. In dimension 2 any conformal $\phi$ will work. I am not sure about the case of higher dimension though. And it does not say anything about composition in the target space. – Thomas Richard May 3 '17 at 12:02

The answer to your question is "yes, every symmetry (in the sense you have specified) is an isometric immersion".

To see why, first note that, if $(M,g)$ is a compact Riemannian $m$-manifold and $h$ is any smooth quadratic form on an $n$-manifold $N$, one can always define the Dirichlet energy $E_{g,h}(f)$ of a smooth map $f:M\to N$. You don't need that $h$ be positive definite (or even nondegenerate) to do this. (You don't need $M$ to be oriented either; instead of using the $g$-volume, you can use the $g$-density instead.) To see this, just look at the formula for the Energy density in local coordinates $x=(x^i)$ on $M$ and $y = (y^a)$ on $N$. In those coordinates, you'll have $g = g_{ij}(x)\,\mathrm{d}x^i\mathrm{d}x^j$ and $h = h_{ab}(y)\,\mathrm{d}y^a\mathrm{d}y^b$ and, when the map is expressed as $y = f(x)$, the Dirichlet energy density becomes $$\Phi_{g,h}(f) = h_{ab}\bigl(f(x)\bigr)\frac{\partial^af}{\partial x^i}\frac{\partial^bf}{\partial x^j} g^{ij}(x)\,\,G(x)\,\mathrm{d}x\tag 1$$ where $G^2 = \det(g_{ij})$. Note that, while you do need $g$ to be nondegenerate, you don't need $h$ to be nondegenerate. (I'm omitting the traditional coefficient of $\tfrac12$ since you did.)

As a result, your question reduces to the following one: Suppose that $E_{g,h}(f) = 0$ for all $f:M\to N$. Does this imply that $h$ vanishes identically?

Now, this is a question of the form of so-called 'null Lagrangians', i.e., those first-order Lagrangians for which the Euler-Lagrange equations are trivial. From the above hypothesis, $\Phi_{g,h}$ would be a null Lagrangian.

It is a classical fact (see any decent book on the calculus of variations) that a null Lagrangian of first order from an $m$-dimensional manifold to an $n$-dimensional manifold must be of the local form $$\Phi(f) = \sum_{I,A} h^I_A\bigl(x,f(x)\bigr)D^A_I\left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right)\,\,\mathrm{d}x,\tag 2$$ where the sum is over all multi-indices $I = (i_1,\ldots,i_k)$, $A=(a_1,\ldots,a_k)$ and $0\le k\le \min(m,n)$, where $1\le i_1 < i_2< \cdots < i_k\le m$ and $1\le a_1 < a_2<\cdots<a_k\le n$ and $D^A_I(L)$ is the corresponding $k$-by-$k$ minor of the $n$-by-$m$ matrix $L$.

However, one immediately sees that the above Dirichlet energy (1) is of the form (2) if and only if $h_{ab}(y)\equiv0$, which implies the desired result.

• Thanks. I am now curious about composition at the source (rather than the target). Do you think that in dimension 2 such "symmetries" must be conformal? (and at other dimensions should they be isometries?) – Asaf Shachar May 7 '17 at 7:46
• @AsafShachar: If I remember correctly, that is indeed the case. The conformal source symmetry of the energy when the source has dimension $2$ is, of course, well-known. Less well-known is the fact that, when the source has dimension greater than $2$, you don't get any strict symmetries beyond the isometries. However, if you don't ask for strict symmetries, but only ask that the Euler-Lagrange equations be preserved, there are sometimes more of these 'divergence symmetries'. (For example, when the target is flat, the affine transformations preserve the E-L equations.) – Robert Bryant May 7 '17 at 9:17
• Thanks. Actually, if I am not mistaken, composing with any affine map at the target preserve harmonicity, even when the target is non-flat. (since the E-L equations "sees" only the connection on the target). Perhaps in your remark you referred to composition at the source? – Asaf Shachar May 8 '17 at 7:31
• @AsafShachar: Correct. However, generically, when the target is not flat, it has no non-isometric affine transformations. I only mentioned the flat case because it's obvious that there are propfer affine transformations in that case. Only the first part of my comment discussed the source symmetries. – Robert Bryant May 8 '17 at 8:47

This is just an elaboration on Robert's great answer:

The key idea is to use the fact that the induced metric on the Hom -space of two inner product spaces is "linear" in the "metric" on the target. (The "metric" here means to any quadratic form, it does not need to be positive or even non-degenerate).

Denote our manifolds by

$(M,g),(N,h),W,\eta)$. Let $\phi$ be a (smooth) symmetry. Then $\phi:(N,\phi^*\eta) \to (W,\eta)$ is "isometric" (preserves the quadratic form), so $$E_{(M,g),(N,\phi^*\eta)}(f)=E_{(M,g),(W,\eta)}(\phi \circ f) \, \, \text{ for any } \, f:M \to N. \tag{1}$$

Combining this with $$E_{(M,g),(N,h)}(f)=E_{(M,g),(W,\eta)}(\phi \circ f) \, \text{ for any } \, f:M \to N, \tag{2}$$

we obtain

$$E_{(M,g),(N,h)}(f)=E_{(M,g),(N,\phi^*\eta)}(f),$$

or (using the said "linearity" ) $$E_{(M,g),(N,h-\phi^*\eta)}(f)=0 \, \text{ for any } \, f:M \to N. \tag{3}$$

Hence, by Robert's argument $h-\phi^*\eta=0$, so $\phi$ is an isometric immersion.