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Questions designed to generate a "big list" of certain results, examples, conjectures, etc. via many individual answers, each contributing one or a few instances. Such a question should typically be in Community Wiki mode (CW); after asking, please, flag for moderators attention requesting the question to be made CW.
6
votes
Failures that lead eventually to new mathematics
Another thing that comes into mind (with connection to the FLT), is the unique factorization in the ring of integers of a number field.
That was the basic mistake in Cauchy's and Lamé's proof of the F …
5
votes
Accepted
Gelfand representation and functional calculus applications beyond Functional Analysis
There are some examples in ergodic theory.
Furstenberg's correspondence principle basically relays on Gelfand's representations.
Another example - the functional calculus gives a very easy proof of …
2
votes
Applications of Representation Theory in Combinatorics
One of the most well known applications of representation theory in combinatorics is the explicit construction of Expander graphs by Margulis (using Kazhdan's property (T)). See any book about expande …
1
vote
Easy and Hard problems in Mathematics
Changing the question from "integral quadratic form represents zero" to "real quadratic form almost represents zero", changes the classical theorems (which eventually sum up to the Hasse-Minkowski the …
1
vote
Fiction books about mathematicians?
The Oxford Murders is a nice novel about a graduate student in Oxford, which specializes in logics (it seems that the author has a PhD in logics).
The book is kind of nice, and it was adapted to a fil …