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Some of what's been said so far about the history makes good sense, but by no means all. Let me add my own perspective, for what it's worth. The font called Fraktur by LaTeX (also known as "gothic …

A more "modern" book than those already mentioned is the one by Paul Halmos here. This was first published in 1942 in the Annals of Math. Studies series, with a later edition in 1958; that edition …

It's hard to provide definitive confirmation of Weyl's role, but his 1939 book was highly influential in all further developments. It's important to realize that notation (and terminology) in mathe …

The question is interesting though perhaps not strictly "research-level". Terminology in mathematics develops a bit haphazardly, and sometimes things get misleading names. In this case the work of …

Robert Bryant's comment motivates me to mention the "weighty" historical monograph Emergence of the Theory of Lie Groups (Springer, 2000) written by Thomas Hawkins. As usual with terminology such as …

As I pointed out in my comment, there are too many questions listed here. Maybe I can clarify the term "Jordan-Chevalley decomposition" in the last one. Besides the arXiv post by Danielle Couty an …

As far as I can see, Weil was indeed the main source for this viewpoint on fields of definition in algebraic geometry. However, it may be hard to pin down the specific result quoted here in his 1935 …

Though I haven't dealt directly with them, I'm aware of another established company (in Ohio) which buys and sells advanced or rare books in mathematics: http://www.zubalbooks.com/in …

The June/July 2010 issue of the AMS Notices here has a further article by Doris Schattschneider (a graduate school classmate of mine) on Coxeter and Escher. Doris has written extensively about Esche …

Since some of those mentioned in other answers are among the living, let me also mention Victor Kac and his teacher Ernest Vinberg. They published a joint paper Spinors of 13-dimensional space in Ad …

Many of the examples mentioned go back to earlier centuries, when insulated national traditions and slow communications promoted mistaken labelling of results and concepts. A much more recent exampl …

The American Mathematical Monthly goes back a long way, to a radically different era in mathematical life, and has never quite caught up with the present in terms of making information readily availab …

Besides JSTOR, NUMDAM, and the like there is a German digital math archive GDZ at gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/. Some sources require access through a subscribing institution, by the way. There is n …

The older theory of Hopf algebras, which grew out of algebraic topology as well as some purely algebraic theories, developed to the level of Sweedler's 1969 book and then became something of a backwat …

History, biography, and memoir are quite different genres for mathematics. But as long as some of the latter are being recommended, I'd have to add G.H. Hardy's short memoir A Mathematician's Apolog …