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Let $\phi$ denote Euler's totient function and $f$ a non-constant univariate polynomial with integer coefficients such that $f(u) \in \mathbf N^+$ for all $u \in \mathbf N^+$ (assume $f$ is irreducibl …

This is an answer to the part of the question where the OP is asking if the image of the function $$R_{2,\varphi}: \mathbf N^+ \to \mathbf R: n \mapsto \frac{\varphi(2^n - 1)}{2^n-1}$$ is dense in th …

On p. 76 of the 1996 edition of Serre's A Course in Arithmetic, one reads the following (inline) remark: One can prove that, if $A$ has natural density $k$, the analytic density of $A$ exists and …

Sorry for answering my own question, but after hearing from Zaccagnini I found a reference to the variant of Abel's summation formula mentioned in the early version of the OP, where $f^\prime$ was ass …

Let $(a_n)_{n \ge 1}$ be a sequence of non-negative real numbers such that $\sum_{n \ge 1} a_n = \infty$, and set $\lambda_n := a_1 + \cdots + a_n$ for each $n$. Then the (generalized Dirichlet) serie …

Here is a proof that $\zeta^{(i)}(s) < 0$ for all $s \in [0,1[$ and $i \in \mathbf N$ (I can't say whether it counts as brief and clean, though). We'll use that the Riemann zeta can be expanded as …

Edit. A stronger version of the formula is true (details follow). Let $(a_n)_{n \ge 1}$ be a sequence of complex numbers, $(\lambda_n)_{n \ge 1}$ a nondecreasing sequence of positive reals such that …