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In Chapter I.9 of Chandler-Magnus "The History of Combinatorial Group Theory", a number of important mathematicians in the early history of the development of group theory and sources for their obitua …

The Dyck language is defined as the language of balanced parenthesis expressions on the alphabet consisting of the symbols $($ and $)$. For example, $()$ and $()(()())$ are both elements of the Dyck l …

There’s the AAA (Arbeitstagung Allgemeine Algebra), Workshop on General Algebra, which has been running for over 50 years (since 1971). It takes place all around Central Europe several times a year, e …

I think a very honourable mention is the American Ida May Schottenfels, who did not receive a PhD, but who nevertheless was very active in mathematical research: Ida May Schottenfels graduated from N …

An excellent and very recent comparative analysis (which addresses your first two bullet points) on the development of infinitesimal calculus has been done by Jacques Bair, Alexandre Borovik, Vladimir …

As Gil Kalai mentions in his answer that he "will not try to define depth", here's a possible complement to his answer. John Stillwell has an excellent lecture on this question and its history, availa …

As the "second-generation" proof of the Classification of Finite Simple Groups is being written up in the volumes by Gorenstein, Lyons, Aschbacher, Smith, Solomon, and others (see e.g. this question) …

For combinatorial group theory, there are essentially two books which encompass most of the area before the advent of geometric group theory à la Gromov, and they still serve as the primary sources fo …

I asked Christian Choffrut and Dominique Perrin this question today. They essentially told me the following: certainly, the name tropical comes in honour of the Brazilian mathematician Imre Simon; and …

How about a very recent political appointment? Eric Lander co-chaired Obama's "Council of Advisors on Science and Technology", and was very recently appointed to President Biden's director of the Offi …

I only wrote this as a comment on Alexandre Eremenko's answer, but after finding more information I thought I would promote it to a whole answer. Math-Net.Ru is described in the abstract to [1] (arXiv …

This is not, perhaps, a very large area, nor a complete "ending", but it was an interesting development in early semigroup theory that I think bears writing down. Some background, first. A semigroup $ …