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This is a branch that includes: computational complexity theory; complexity classes, NP-completeness and other completeness concepts; oracle analogues of complexity classes; complexity-theoretic computational models; regular languages; context-free languages; Komolgorov Complexity and so on.
7
votes
Accepted
NP Hardness proof for permanent of 0-1 matrix
Les Valiant's original paper is beautifully written.
EDIT A simpler proof, with a nice explanation (see Section 3) is given by Ben-Dor and Halevy
1
vote
Complexity of Max Bisection on cubic planar graphs?
I am pretty sure that the result in
http://rutcor.rutgers.edu/pub/rrr/reports2006/23_2006.pdf
tells us that Max-Bisection is NP-hard on bounded degree planar graphs (however, I think the bound is big …
1
vote
Pseudorandom Functions / Pseudorandom Permutations
To expand very slightly upon @Steve's words of wisdom, see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistel_cipher
2
votes
Accepted
testing singularity of integer matrices
This is addressed in Storjohann's paper on computing Smith Normal Form.
2
votes
Quick tests for Self complementary vertex transitive graphs
A fairly comprehensive survey as of 13 years ago is given in Alastair Farrugia's Master's thesis (see chapter 3, in particular).
5
votes
Computational complexity of Knot polynomials
Complexity: Knots, Colourings and Counting
By D. J. A. Welsh
Has pretty extensive information.
15
votes
Computational complexity of computing homotopy groups of spheres
It is shown by D. J. Anick in The computation of rational homotopy groups is #℘-hard. Computers in geometry and topology, Proc. Conf., Chicago/Ill. 1986, Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math. 114, 1–56, 1989. …
2
votes
How long does it take to compute a class number?
J. Buchmann and M. Pohst in a 1989 paper show that the class group can be computed in time of order $D^{1+\epsilon},$ where $D$ is the discriminant.
6
votes
Are there any efficient (polynomial time) algorithms for finding if a multivariate quadratic...
I might be misunderstanding the question, but if the equation is homogeneous, then zero is a solution, if the homogeneous (degree 2) part is an indefinite quadratic form, then the equation has a solut …
4
votes
Examples of ubiquitous objects that are hard to find?
A random pair of elements of $\mathop{SL}(n, \mathbb{Z})$ (where random is defined by taking a generating set, and picking two random long words) almost certainly (meaning, with probability approachin …
2
votes
Is unconstrained integer convex optimization problem NP-hard?
Yes, since the shortest vector in lattice problem is NP-hard, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_problem
4
votes
Maximizing positive definite quadratic using the eigendecompoisition
The reference where all is revealed is Bodlaender, Gritzman, Klee, Van Leeuwen
5
votes
Computational complexity of finding the smallest number with n factors
The number of divisors of $n = \prod_{i=1}^k p_i^{\alpha_i}$ is
$g(n)=\prod_{i=1}^k (1+\alpha_i)$ (your function differs from this by $2.$)
So, once you have $g(n),$ you find the minimum over all fac …
2
votes
Complexity of 2D-Minkowski sum of non-convex polygons
See Eli Fogel's slides. and be enlightened.
7
votes
Can all convex optimization problems be solved in polynomial time using interior-point algor...
You should check out Boyd-Vanderberghe's convex optimization, available for free on Boyd's web page at Stanford. This has a discussion of the "easy" classes of convex optimization problems (google "se …