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A list of proofs of the Hasse–Minkowski theorem

I am currently doing a project in which I intend to include the most insightful possible proof of the Hasse–Minkowski theorem (also known as the Hasse principle for quadratic forms, among other names) over $\mathbb{Q}$, as well as a separate proof of the theorem over all global fields.

In order to do this, I first want to compare all the proofs given in the existing literature. So far, I have managed to compile the following list of books and papers, in which proofs of the theorem can be found:

  • Z.I. Borevich and I.R. Shafarevich: Number Theory (1964)
  • J.W.S. Cassels: Rational Quadratic Forms (1978)
  • J.W.S. Cassels: Lectures on Elliptic Curves (1991) [in which the theorem is only proved in the case of three variables]
  • H. Hasse: Über die Darstellbarkeit von Zahlen durch quadratische Formen im Körper der rationalen Zahlen (1923); Über die Äquivalenz quadraticher Formen im Körper der rationalen Zahlen (1923); Symmetrische Matrizen im Körper der rationalen Zahlen (1924); Darstellbarkeit von Zahlen durch quadratische Formen in einem beliebigen algebraischen Zahlkörper (1924) [the proof here extending through four papers and applying to all algebraic number fields]
  • Y. Kitaoka: Arithmetic of Quadratic Forms (1993)
  • O.T. O'Meara: Introduction to Quadratic Forms (1963) [in which the theorem is proved for all global fields]
  • J.-P. Serre: Cours d'arithmétique (1970)
  • G. Shimura: Arithmetic of Quadratic Forms (2010)

The proofs given in the above resources are all quite remarkably dissimilar in certain cases, which is encouraging, in as far as it suggests that the "canonical" proof of the theorem has yet to be established.

I would hence like to ask the members of the MathOverflow community if they are aware of any other proofs of the theorem, and if they could direct me to where they can be found.

  • I am looking especially for proofs of the theorem in the more general case over all global fields, as I have so far only managed to find one proof of this (that in O'Meara).
  • Proofs of the "weak" Hasse–Minkowski theorem (i.e. that pertaining to the equivalence of quadratic forms as opposed to their representing $0$) in the case of fields where the "strong" Hasse–Minkowski theorem does not hold are also especially welcome.
  • Proofs of the theorem for a particular $n \geq 3$ are also very welcome.
  • The proofs do not have to be ones found in published books: Proofs from e.g. lecture notes are also very welcome, provided they are not entirely based on a proof given in a published book.

I intend to amend the above list as I find more proofs of the theorem.

Edit: The answers to this post have helped identify the following resources, in which the theorem is either proved in its entirety or otherwise meaningfully discussed in some manner.

  • J.W.S. Cassels: Note on Quadratic Forms Over the Rational Field (1959)
  • L.E. Dickson: Studies in the Theory of Numbers (1930)
  • M. Eichler: Quadratische Formen und orthogonale Gruppen (1952)
  • A. Gamzon: The Hasse–Minkowski Theorem (2006) [an honours thesis written at the University of Connecticut under the supervision of Keith Conrad]
  • B.W. Jones: The Arithmetical Theory of Quadratic Forms (1950)
  • C.L. Siegel: Equivalence of Quadratic Forms (1948)
  • Th. Skolem: Diophantische Gleichungen (1938)
  • T.A. Springer: Note on Quadratic Forms over Algebraic Number Fields (1957)
  • E. Witt: Theorie der quadratischen Formen in beliebigen Körpern (1937)

I have not yet got round to thoroughly studying the above resources, but will be doing so shortly - at which point I shall incorporate them into the main list, along with any other resources that I come across along the way.

user174434