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The replica trick attempts to calculate the expectation of the logarithm $X=\log(Z)$ of a random variable $Z$. The wikipedia article describes the logarithm as the limit $$ \log(Z) = \lim_{n\to 0}\...

In Terence Tao's discussion of the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble, he derives the Dyson and Airy kernels. The GUE is the probability distribution of the eigenvalues of a random Hermitian matrix. \[ \int ...

The proof of the Wigner Semicircle Law comes from studying the GUE Kernel $$ K_N(\mu, \nu)=e^{-\frac{1}{2}(\mu^2+\nu^2)} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \sum_{j=0}^{N-1}\frac{H_j(\lambda)H_j(\mu)}{2^j j!} ...

A key object in Liouville conformal field theory is the random Liouville measure $M$ defined heuristically as $M(d^2x) = :e^{2bX(x)}: d^2x$, where $X$ is a Gaussian free field and $:e^{2bX}:$ denotes ...