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101 votes
10 answers
16k views

Why do Bernoulli numbers arise everywhere?

I have seen Bernoulli numbers many times, and sometimes very surprisingly. They appear in my textbook on complex analysis, in algebraic topology, and of course, number theory. Things like the criteria ...
50 votes
37 answers
6k views

Structures that turn out to exhibit a symmetry even though their definition doesn't

Sometimes (often?) a structure depending on several parameters turns out to be symmetric w.r.t. interchanging two of the parameters, even though the definition gives a priori no clue of that symmetry. ...
25 votes
3 answers
2k views

Interpretations and models of permanent

The standard interpretation of permanent of a $0/1$ matrix if considered as a biadjacency matrix of a bipartite graph is number of perfect matchings of the graph or if considered as a adjacency matrix ...
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23 votes
4 answers
4k views

What information is contained in the Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials?

The Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials contain all kinds of representation theoretic (and other kinds of) informations. For example the character of a simple module over a Lie algebra with Weyl group $W$ ...
18 votes
8 answers
2k views

Concepts in topology successfully transferred to graph theory and combinatorics with non-trivial applications?

What are some of the difficult concepts in topology that have been transferred to graph theory and combinatorics where a certain new application has been found. A good example is Lovász's proof of ...
5 votes
3 answers
810 views

Update on "Hopf algebras: their status and pervasiveness" by Hazewinkel

Hazewinkel wrote this article in 2005. Perhaps it's time for an update. For example, updating item 34: Ordinary differential equations much work has been done on the underlying Hopf algebra (HA) of ...