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Background The Norwegian mathematician and astronomer Carl Størmer did important work on the equation $$\frac{\pi}{4} = \sum_{k=1}^{n} c_{k} \arctan \left(\frac{1}{x_{k}}\right), \label{1}\tag{1} $$ ...

Let $a<0$ and $b>0$ be real numbers such that $a<-2b$. Let $n>1$ be a positive integer and consider the following partial sum: $$ f(n) = \frac{1}{(n+1)^2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{n} (-1)^{...