3
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Note: This question was posted in MSE about two years ago but it not receive an answer. Hence posting in MO.

A positive integer is said to have square-sum divisors if it has at least two divisors whose sum is a perfect square.

  • $6$ has square-sum divisors because its divisors are $(1,2,3,6)$ and $1 + 3 = 2^2$. Also $3 + 6 = 3^2$
  • $10$ has no square-sum divisors since no two of its divisors $(1,2,5,10)$ add up to a square

Trivially, all multiples of $3, 8, 14, 20, 34, 35, 46, 55, 62, 94, 95, 130, 142, 143, 155, 158, ...$ have square-sum divisors.

Question: Let $f(n)$ be the number of positive integers $\le n$ which have square-sum divisors. What is the limiting value

$$ \lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{f(n)}{n} $$

Update 14-Jun-2021: For $n = 1.3 \times 10^{10}$, the ratio is $0.571284$ showing that the growth rate is extremely slow since the ratio had reached $0.57$ by $n = 4 \times 10^5$.

Sagemath code using extended skip list suggested by Mees de Vries.

n = f = 0
step = 10^5
target = f

skip = [3, 8, 14, 20, 34, 35, 46, 55, 62, 94, 95, 130, 142, 143, 155, 158,
        194, 203, 254, 295, 299, 323, 334, 395, 398, 418, 430, 446, 473, 482]

while n < 10^30:
    d = divisors(n)
    l = len(d)
    c = i = 0
    stop = False
    
    while i < l and stop == False:
        j = i + 1
        while j < l and stop == False:
            if (d[i] + d[j])^0.5 %1 == 0:
                c = 1
                stop = True
            j = j + 1
        i = i + 1
        
    if c == 0:
        f = f + 1 
        
    if f >= target:
        print(f,n,1 - f/n.n())
        target = target + step

    found = False
    while found == False:
        n = n + 1
        if all(n%x != 0 for x in skip):
            found = True
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  • $\begingroup$ A trivial union bound shows that the density of [$n$ with the sum of some two divisors equalling $k^2$ for some $k \ge K$] goes to $0$ as $K \to \infty$. So the answer to your question is just the limit of the density of $n$ satisfying all small sufficient conditions. E.g. consider density of $n$ divisible by $a$ and $b$ for some $(a,b) \in \left\{(1,3),(1,8),(2,7),(3,6),(4,5),(1,15),(2,14),(3,13),\dots,(7,9)\right\}$. $\endgroup$ Commented Mar 14, 2023 at 17:10

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