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Let $(X_k)_{k=0,1,..., n}$ be a discrete martingale defined on some probability space $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$. I would like to know whether there exists a (continuous) martingale $(\tilde{X} …

Jensen's inequality is well known as $$E\big[f(X)\big]\le f\big(E[X]\big)$$ where $X$ is a integrable random variable and $f: R\to R$ is a bounded concave function, see also http://en.wikipedia.org …

I have a question which may be naive, but I can not find the related result in the classical reference such as "Foundations of Modern Probability" and "Probability"(Billingsley). So if someone knows t …

I have a question which maybe so naive but I want to know the result about it. Let $\mathcal{M}=\mathcal{M}(\mathbb{R})$ be the space of bounded measures. Then by some materiau such as Multidimension …

Let $X$ and $Y$ be two random variables with first order moments, i.e. $E[|X|]$, $E[|Y|]<+\infty$. Assume further that $$E\left[|X-Y|\right]<\varepsilon.$$ Set $Law(X)=\mu$ and $Law(Y)=\nu$, it is …

Let $\mu$ be a probability measure on $\mathbb R$ and set $$c(K):=\int_{\mathbb R}(x-K)^+d\mu(x).$$ Assume that one has a sequence of probability measures $(\mu_n)_{n\ge 1}$ s.t. $$\int_{\mathbb R} …

Let $(\mu_0,\mu_1)$ be a vector of probability measures on $\mathbb R$ that are of finite first moment, i.e. $$\int_{\mathbb{R}}|x|\mu_i(dx)~<~+\infty \mbox{ for } i=0,1$$ and increasing in convex o …

It is known that for any two probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$ on $\mathbb R$ that are close in the Prokhorov metric $\rho$, i.e. $$\rho(\mu,\nu)<\varepsilon,$$ then there exist two random varia …

Let $(\Omega,\mathcal{F})$ denote some measurable space. Let $P_1$ and $P_2$ denote respectively two probability measures. Now let $\mathcal{G}$ be some sub sigma-algebra of $\mathcal{F}$. Given a pos …

I have a question about the compactness of a set of martingale measures. Let $\Omega=\mathcal{C}[0,1]$ be the space of continuous functions on $[0,1]$ and $\mathcal{M}_{\Omega}$ be the family of marti …

The Skorokhod Embedding Problem is well known and has many solutions. Now let $B=(B_t)_{t\ge 0}$ be a standard Brownian motion and $\tau$ be an embedding to the centered distribution $\mu$, i.e. the s …

Let $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{R})$ be the space of continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathcal{C}_b$ its subspace consisting of bounded elements. Define for $\phi(x):=1+|x|$, $$ \mat …

I have a question about the proof below: Let $\mathcal{C}:=\mathcal{C}(\mathbb{R})$ be the space of continuous functions on $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathcal{C}_b$ its subspace consisting of bounded elemen …

I have found the proof to this problem, I do not know whether this question is put on hold. It is enough to show that the family $\{X_1^n\}$ is uniformly integrable. By the following inequality: for …

This is a continuation of Question abouth Skorokhod representation of random variables Let $\mu$ and $\nu$ be two probability measures on $\mathbb R$ such that $$\int_{\mathbb R}|x|^pd\mu(x),~ \in …