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I guess you'll find much of what you would like to know in this 2004 paper by Jacques Carette (published here): We give the first formal definition of the concept of simplification for general …

To appreciate the usage of "monad" as a concept in mathematics (rather than philosophy), it might help to go back nearly two millennia to the first use of this term in algebra [*]: Diophantus of Alexa …

Following Euclid, you could use QEF (quod erat faciendum – which had to be done). Euclid used the Greek version of this (ὅπερ ἔδει ποιῆσαι) to close propositions that were not proofs of theorems, but …

The suffix "-oid" means the same as "quasi", so "resembling", "like". A groupoid is a quasi-group, like a group. There are hundreds of words in that category, covering many scientific disciplines. In …

Let me address the question "what happens if some name it has already been used but you don't agree with the choice?", by giving a recent example from (mathematical) physics. The 2012 experiment that …

The name refers to the concept of an anharmonic ratio, or cross-ratio. Four points $A,B,C,D$ are called equianharmonic if their cross-ratio is a cube root of 1. In that case the 6 cross-ratios obtaine …

The name was coined by Barry Simon in this 1982 article (page 487): The Ten Martini Problem: The almost Mathieu operator has a Cantor spectrum. The name comes from the fact that Mark Kac* has …

normalis already meant right-angled in classical Latin; for example, angulus normalis appears in the first century text De institutione oratoria (volume XI, paragraph 3.141) by Marcus Fabius Quintilia …

you ask whether the inverse Fourier transform of $\tau^2 e^{i\tau^4}$ is some named special function; as indicated by Johannes Trost, it's a hypergeometric function, $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \tau^2 e^ …

"Calculus of variations" seems an accepted umbrella term; at least, looking at the corresponding Wikipedia entry, you'll recognize that most problems in this class are of the type you are looking for: …

Well, Riemann himself says "I denote this function by $\zeta(s)$" ("Die Function [...] bezeichne ich durch $\zeta(s)$"), so I would think the choice of which letter to use for this function was his. …

A random vector $\mathbf{x}$ is called isotropic with respect to a norm $\mu$ (more generally, a quasinorm) if the equiprobability curves are given by $\mu(\mathbf{x})=\text{constant}$. If $\mu$ is th …

These diagrams come by different names: "banana", "water melon", "basket ball". An early reference is M. Creutz - Feynman rules for lattice gauge theory, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 561–571 (1978). A more re …

Free objects were first defined* by MacLane in Duality for Groups. That paper gives "free" a curious political context, I quote from page 486: Call the dual (in this sense) of a free (nonabelian) …

Community wiki because it is answered over at MSE. source