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Roland Bacher
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An 'onion-structure' for roots of a series associated to prime numbers?

The series $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{z^{p_n-n}}{n!}$$ associated to the sequence $p_1=2,p_2=3,p_3=5,p_4=7,p_5=11,\ldots$ of prime numbers defines a holomorphic function in the open disc of radius $e$. Its roots have a curious onion-like structure. Cutting at $n=100$ (corresponding to $p_{100}=541$) yields a polynomial of degree $541-100=441$ with complex roots forming the picture enter image description here

The onion-like structure of these roots is even more apparent when taking logarithms of all non-zero roots. Logarithms of roots in the open upper half-plane form the picture enter image description here

In order to check that primes lead to especially nice roots, one can also consider the series $$\sum_{n=3}^\infty \left(\lfloor n/\log n)\rfloor-\lfloor (n-1)/\log n-1\rfloor\right)\frac{z^{n-\lfloor n/\log n\rfloor}}{n!}$$ with roots for the polynomial of degree roughly 440 forming the picture enter image description here

which lacks the onion-structure.

Logarithms of roots in the upper half-plane give rise to enter image description here

The series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{z^{p_n}}{n!}$ seems (perhaps) also a bit less interesting. Cutting at $n=100$, we get the roots

enter image description here

with logarithms of roots in the upper half-plane given by

enter image description here

The onion-structure of the initial series could of course be an artefact due to rounding errors or due to truncation of the series at $n=100$. I can exclude rounding errors with reasonable confidence since I did the computations with a precision of 1500 digits. The onion-structure of root-sets seems to persist by setting the cutoff $n$ to higher values.

A somewhat arbitrary convention is the indexing of primes. Series of the form $\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{z^{p_n-(n+\tau)}}{(n+\tau)!}$ for small $\tau=1$ or $\tau=-1$ behave however similarly. (The onion-structure is slightly messier for $\tau=-1$ and roughly equivalent for $\tau=1$.)

Is there an explanation for this phenomenon?

Obvious remark: Shells of the limit onion-structure (in case of existence) are finite (since roots of holomorphic functions are discrete in their domain of holomorphicity).

Added: Computations using 800 digits and ending with $p_{250}=1583$ yield pictures

enter image description here

for roots of $\sum_{n=1}^{250} z^{p_n-n}/n!$. There is a shell of roots and a few 'isolated' roots outside the domain of convergency.

Logarithms of roots in the upper open halfplane and in the convergency domain are given by

enter image description here

For the polynomial $\sum_{n=1}^{250}z^{p_n}/n!$ roots (computed again with Digits set to 800 in Maple) are

enter image description here

There are again a few roots outside of the convergency domain but there seems to be an additional shell of roots (artefact due to insufficient precision or real roots?).

Logarithms of roots in the convergency domain and in the upper open halfplane are given by

enter image description here

Roland Bacher
  • 17.9k
  • 3
  • 45
  • 113