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Consider the self-adjoint operator on $L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$, $$H=-\frac{1}{2}(\nabla-iA)^{2}+V,$$ where $A\in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{N}, \mathbb{R}^{N} )$, $V\in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$, $V\...

I am trying to understand this short paper and I am getting stuck right at the end. Let $V(x)$ be $C^\infty$ and 1-periodic (that is, $V(x)=V(x+1)$). We are considering the operator $$A=-\dfrac{d^2}...