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Let $M_n$ denote the set of all $n\times n$ complex matrices. Let $1\leq p<\infty.$ For $A\in M_n$ define $\|A\|_p:=(Tr(A^*A)^{p/2})^{1/p}$ where $Tr$ denotes the usual trace of a matrix. Then $\|.\...

(The questions How does the Schmidt decomposition generalize to tensor products of several finite-dimensional systems? and Is there a useful generalization of the Schmidt decomposition to the ...

The definition and basic properties of circulant matrices can be found here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulant_matrix. For complex numbers $a_1,\ldots,a_n$, I will use the notation $$ \mbox{...