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Recall that for the classical Kloosterman sum $$ K(a,b,p^t):= \sum_{x \in (\mathbb{Z}/ p^t \mathbb{Z})^* } \psi \left(\frac{ax+bx^{-1}}{p^t} \right),$$ where $\psi(x)=e^{2\pi ix}$, $a,b,t$ are natural ...

Let $1 \leq i \leq d$, $q \in \mathbb{N}$, and $0 \leq a_{i} < q$. Let $$ \mathfrak{M}^{(i)}_{a_{ i}, q} (C) =\{ \beta_{i} \in [0,1) : | \beta_{i} - a_{i}/q | \leq (\log X)^{C} X^{-i} \} . $$ We ...