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Let $p$ be prime and $g,n$ integers. Define $a(n)=(g^n \bmod p)^{p-1} \bmod p^2$ By mod p we don't mean congruence, but the reduction modulo $p$ operator. $A \bmod ...

Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) admits universal forgery (UF) if the Attacker can solve the equation $$z=\frac{f_{k-1}(x,y)f_{k+1}(x,y)}{f_{k}(x,y)^2},$$ where $k$ is unknown, $f_{k}...