$\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}\newcommand{\Si}{\Sigma}\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb R}\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}$The answer is: in general, no -- even for convex $\mathcal C$.
Indeed, let $C:=\mathcal C=(-\infty,1)\times\R$, $v=(0,0)$, $f:=\phi=(1,0)$, and $\Si=\begin{pmatrix}\si^2&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}$, with $\si\to\infty$. Then
$$P(u\in C)\ge P\big(u\in(-\infty,0)\times\R\big)=1/2$$ and
\begin{equation*}
P(u\in C,f\cdot u>f\cdot v)=P(1>f\cdot u>0)\to0,
\end{equation*}
so that $P(f\cdot u>f\cdot v\,|\,u\in C)\to0$.
This example is written for dimension $2$, but can be easily modified for any dimension $\ge1$.
On a positive note, let us also show that the answer becomes yes if $C$ is assumed to be bounded (as in your "particular example") and, of course, $f\ne0$. Indeed, then there are real $\ep>0$ and $R>\ep$ (depending only on $C$ and $v$) such that $B_v(\ep)\subseteq C\subseteq B_v(R)$, where $B_v(r)$ is the open ball of radius $r$ centered at $v$. Replacing $u,v,C$ by $\Si^{1/2}u,\Si^{1/2}v,\Si^{1/2}C$, respectively, we see that it is enough to to prove the following:
\begin{equation*}
\frac{P(u\in E_\ep,f\cdot u\ge f\cdot v)}{P(u\in E_R)}\ge c_{\ep,R,n} \tag{1}
\end{equation*}
for some $c_{\ep,R,n}>0$ depending only on $\ep$, $R$, and $n:=\dim C$, where $u=(u_1,\dots,u_n)\sim N(0,I_n)$, $v=(v_1,\dots,v_n)$,
$\|v\|\le1$, $\|\cdot\|$ is the Euclidean norm on $\R^n$,
\begin{equation*}
E_r:=E_{v,\Si,r}:=\{x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in\R^n\colon\sum_1^n(x_i-v_i)^2/\si_i^2<r^2\},
\end{equation*}
and the $\si_i$'s are some positive real numbers determined by $\Si$.
We have
\begin{equation*}
P(u\in E_R)\le P(\max_1^n|(u_i-v_i)/\si_i|<R)
=\prod_1^n P(|u_i-v_i|<R\si_i). \tag{2}
\end{equation*}
Next, the inequality $f\cdot u\ge f\cdot v$ for $f=(f_1,\dots,f_n)$ will hold if for each $i\in[n]:=\{1,\dots,n\}$ the sign of $u_i-v_i$ is the same as the sign of $f_i$. Also, for all $i\in[n]$ and all real $s>0$ without loss of generality $v_i\ge0$ and hence $P(s>u_i-v_i>0)\le P(-s<u_i-v_i<0)$. So,
\begin{align*}
P(u\in E_\ep,f\cdot u\ge f\cdot v)&\ge P(\max_1^n|(u_i-v_i)/\si_i|<\ep/\sqrt n,f\cdot u\ge f\cdot v) \\
&\ge\prod_1^n P(0<u_i-v_i<\ep\si_i/\sqrt n). \tag{3}
\end{align*}
Further, for all $i\in[n]$ and all real $s>0$
\begin{equation*}
P(|u_i-v_i|<s)\ll\min(1,s)
\end{equation*}
and
\begin{equation*}
P(0<u_i-v_i<s)\gg\min(1,s),
\end{equation*}
since $0\le v_i\le\|v\|\le1$, where $a\ll b$ and $b\gg a$ mean $a\le Cb$ for some universal real constant $C>0$. Now (1) follows from (2) and (3).
