examples of surface diffeomorphism that exhibit heteroclinic bifurcation?

Question

I was reading about horseshoes and heterclinic bifurcation but my knowledge of dynamical systems is really old fashioned.

as I understand the local stable manifold and the local unstable manifold intersect. I am looking for a differential equation or geometric construction that demonstrates this phenomenon

(actually the paper says "surface diffeomorphism" which I just took to mean "differential equation")

this seems highly improbable. for example the flow defined by

$$ \frac{df }{ dt } = (x^3 + ax +b) f $$

could never exhibit such self-tangent orbits. perhaps I am looking at the wrong place for example?

I also don't understand how the stable and unstable manifolds can intersect.

---

Grover is correct. The blog talks about a $C^2$ diffeomorphism $f:M\to M$ it has a horseshoe and a periodic point. And the local (un)stable manifolds have to do with the periodic point $p \in K$. These two manifolds have quadratic tangency at some other point $q \in M - K$ (which I guess means these curves agree to second $o(x^2)$ rather than just linearly.

I had not even begun to read the rest of the blog about horseshoe dynamics. The blog does not name any map in particular. Just looking for a specific $f$ that might work (if that's even possible). There's no reason to believe an algebraic example should work here but there must have been some classical instance of this.

Answer 1

It cannot happen in a continuous time 2D system, simply due to uniqueness of ODE property. At least (2+1)-D is needed, i.e. this phenomenon can be seen in 2D maps derived from taking time-T sections of a time-dependent 2D ODE system.

A common example is forced Duffing system.

A good resource is this document by Wiggins: http://docenti.lett.unisi.it/files/4/2/13/1/Wiggins_CHAOS.pdf

Also take a look at Wiggin's "Global bifurcations and chaos".

Other keywords to search for : "Melnikov method", "conley-moser conditions".