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These logic/ZFC/model theory arguments seem out of proportion to the task at hand. Let $k$ be a field and $A$ a finitely generated $k$-algebra over a field $k$. We want to prove that there is a $k$-a …

EGA IV$_4$, 19.3.8 (and 19.3.6); this addresses openness upstairs without properness, and (as an immediate consequence) the openness downstairs if $f$ is proper (which I assume you meant to require). …

In the setup in the question, it should really say "we could have invertible meromorphic functions on Spec($A$) that don't come Frac($A)^{\times}$", since those are what give rise to "extra principal …

Does your critic dislike that the argument seems not applicable over general rings? But it is: if there's an isomorphism over some ring $R$ then we can descend to a finitely generated subring and pas …

Every formally smooth morphism between locally noetherian schemes is flat; this is a deep result of Grothendieck. Indeed, the formal smoothness is preserved by localization on target and then likewis …

Dear Workitout: The list of comments above is getting unwieldy, so let me post an answer here, now that you have finally identified 1.10.1 in Katz-Mazur as (at least one) source of the question. As I …

The answer is "yes" (though I can't imagine a situation where one would really need this fact). More generally, if $A$ and $B$ are arbitrary commutative algebras over a field $k$ with $A$ noetherian …

A point worth noting: the proof of fpqc descent for projectivity in Raynaud-Gruson is apparently incorrect (as I learned today from Gabber in connection with something else), but the result is noneth …

By request, my earlier comments are being upgraded to an answer, as follows. For finitely generated modules over any local ring $A$, flat implies free (i.e., Theorem 7.10 of Matsumura's CRT book is co …

Here is a partial solution: modulo a problem of constructing "sufficiently generic" elements in the maximal ideal of a reduced noetherian local ring of dimension > 1 (in a sense made precise at the en …

Set $A = B = k[x]$ and figure out for yourself what that is a counterexample. (Hint: rigorously prove that there's no "universal polynomial" over $k$-algebras.)

There's a famous quote, I think due to Szego, that a technique which can be used once is a trick, but if you can use it twice then it is a method. In that spirit, here is the EGA method which is very …