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Given a set $X \subseteq \mathbf N^+$, denote by $\mathsf{d}_\ast(X)$ and $\mathsf{d}^\ast(X)$, respectively, the lower and upper asymptotic (or natural) density of $X$, viz. $$\mathsf{d}_\ast(X) := \ …

Let an upper density (on $\mathbf N$) be a (set) function $f: \mathcal P(\mathbf N) \to \mathbf R$ such that, for all $X, Y \subseteq \bf N$ and $h,k \in \mathbf N^+$, the following hold: (F1) $f( …

I don't yet have a reference, but it seems the result might have been first proved by Fichtenholz and Sierpiński, independently from each other. This should be mentioned in a remark to Problem 12 in: …

There is a classical result commonly attributed to W. Sierpiński that reads as follows: Theorem 1. If $f: \Sigma \to \bf R$ is a non-atomic (*) measure on a set $S$, then for every $X \in \Sigma$ …

This is basically another reference request. Let $X$ be a set, and $\mathscr{F} = (f_i)_{i \in I}$ an indexed family of functions $X \to \bf R$. If $\preceq$ is a partial order on $I$, we say that t …

Let $\bf H$ be a set, $f: \mathcal P({\bf H}) \rightharpoonup \bf R$ a partial function, and $\mathcal{D}$ the domain of $f$. Next, denote by $\mathcal M(f)$ the set of all (total) functions $\theta: …

ZFC proves, among the other things, the existence of a (finitely) additive probability measure $\theta: \mathcal P(\mathbf N) \to \mathbf R$ on the power set of $\mathbf N$ such that $\theta(X) = 0$ f …

Let $\mathcal D$ be the set of all (finitely) additive probability measures $\mu^\ast: \mathcal P(\mathbf N^+) \to [0,\infty[$ such that $\mu^\ast(k \cdot X + h) = \frac{1}{k} \mu^\ast(X)$ for all $X …

Does there exist an integer $k \ge 1$ such that ${\sf bd}^\ast(X) > 0$ whenever $X \subseteq \mathbf N^+$ and $\pi_X(n) \gg \frac{n}{\log^{[k]}(n)}$ as $n \to \infty$? Here, ${\sf bd}^\ast$ is the upp …

The upper asymptotic density on $\mathbf Z$, viz. the function $$ {\sf d}^\ast: \mathcal P(\mathbf Z) \to [0,1]: X \mapsto \limsup_{n \to \infty} \frac{|X \cap [1,n]|}{n}, $$ has a ''symmetric varia …

Sorry for answering my own question, but I'd like to add a complement to Joe Silveman's answer (for those who may be interested), which however is too long to fit into a comment. 1. A reference to t …

Update. Based on Anthony Quas' comment below, the proof can be made sensibly shorter and the lemma can be slightly generalized by weakening the old assumption (iii). In a joint paper that I am writin …