Let $T^2$ be a 2-torus and $f:T^2\rightarrow T^2$ a smooth map. Let $f_*:\pi_1(T^2)\rightarrow\pi_1(T^2)$ be the induced map on the fundamental group $\pi_1$. If $f_*$ has no eigenvalue greater than 1, then all balls of $T^2$ have subexponential growth by $ f $. Why?