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I posted the following question more than two years ago on MO (and then reposted on MSE), but the answer remains incomplete, so I thought I would rephrase it a bit (to make the statement clearer) and ...

Let $(X, \le)$ be a partially ordered set. We call a subset $S \subseteq X$... ... a chain if each two elements in $S$ are comparable with respect to $\le$ (in other words, $S$ is linearly ordered ...