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The standard polynomial in $r$ non-commuting indeterminates $x_1,\ldots,x_r$ is defined by $${\mathcal S}_r(x_1,\ldots,x_r):=\sum_{\sigma\in S_r}\epsilon(\sigma)x_{\sigma(1)}x_{\sigma(2)}\cdots x_{\...

Edit: According to comment of Pace Nielsen, I remove question 2 of the previous version: Let $R$ be a unital ring. We define Murray Von Neumann relation $M$ on $R$ as follows: We say $a M b$ iff $...