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The Azuma-Hoeffding Inequality says that if $X_1,X_2, \ldots$ is a martingale and the differences are bounded by constants, $\|X_i - X_{i-1}\| \le 1$ say, then we should not expect the difference $\|...

The Azuma inequality states that if we have a martingale $X_1,\ldots,X_N$ that satisfies a bounded difference condition: $$|X_k - X_{k-1}| \leq c_k$$ Then: $$\Pr\left[X_N - X_0 \geq \sqrt{2\sum_kc_k^2 ...