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Let $R$ be a commutative ring. Call a nonempty subset $F$ of $R$ a factroid if it is closed under sums and factors. That is: If $a,b \in F$, then $a+b \in F$, and If $a,b \in R$ with $a\in R$ ...

I asked this question in MSE but I did not received any answer. So I repeat it here: Assume that $C$ is a coalgebra with comultiplication $\Delta:C \to C\otimes C$. The higher order ...