All Questions

Let $M$ be a non-trivial monoid and $\mathbb ZM$ its monoid ring. All modules are left modules in what follows. Suppose that $M$ contains a zero element (or absorbing element) $z$. That is $mz=z=zm$ ...

Edit After the answer by Neil Strickland, I add the word "a ring" in this new version. In the literature, there is a concept of generalized idempotent: an n- idempotent is an element $a$ of a Banach ...

Edit: According to comment of Pace Nielsen, I remove question 2 of the previous version: Let $R$ be a unital ring. We define Murray Von Neumann relation $M$ on $R$ as follows: We say $a M b$ iff $...