# How and when do I learn so much mathematics?

I am about to (hopefully!) begin my PhD (in Europe) and I have a question: how did you learn so much mathematics?

Allow me to explain. I am training to be a number theorist and I have only some read Davenport's Multiplicative Number Theory and parts of Vaughan's book on the circle method. I have briefly seen some varieties from Fulton's algebraic curves and I may have read parts of homotopy and homology and differential geometry of smooth manifolds at the level of Hatcher and Lee. Yet, it seems that I am hopelessly ignorant of elliptic curves, modular forms and algebraic number theory.

For example, if I were to try reading Deligne's proof of Weil's conjecture or Tate's thesis, it seems that I would have to do significant amounts of reading.

When I look at some of my professors or other researchers I have interacted with, I notice that they may be publishing in one or two areas, but are extremely knowledgeable in pretty much everything I ask them about. That begs the questions:

1. How much reading outside should I be doing outside my "area"?
2. Is it a good idea to just focus narrowly on my thesis problem at this stage or is it more usual to be working on multiple problems at the same time?
3. How and how often do you end up learning new areas?

Sorry if the question is too vague: I just want to have a sense of how to go about being a good mathematician. Also, part of the reason I am asking this question is that when I go to seminars, I understand so little and I see some of my professors ask questions of the speakers even if they don't work in the same area.

• As my algebra professor said: it does not matter what you read, but it should be good and a lot, done rapidly and thoroughly. – GH from MO Mar 9 at 16:56
• I will offer some slightly contrarian advice, as I did in another MO answer. Don't let yourself get overwhelmed with trying to learn mountains of math. Instead, focus on finding a good problem to work on (obviously, a good advisor is extremely valuable here). Then learn the math you need for the problem. You'll learn the math better this way because you'll understand the purpose. Of course your knowledge will have gaps, but that's inevitable no matter what you do. – Timothy Chow Mar 9 at 18:50
• Small comment: you probably can read Tate's thesis. I wouldn't put this in the same category as Deligne's Weil conjectures papers as far as needed background material is concerned. – Dror Speiser Mar 9 at 19:59
• Teaching is a great way to learn broadly. – Dan Fox Mar 9 at 20:37
• Elsewhere on SE, you can find this quote of Ravi Vakil: _...mathematics is so rich and infinite that it is impossible to learn it systematically, and if you wait to master one topic before moving on to the next, you'll never get anywhere. Instead, you'll have tendrils of knowledge extending far from your comfort zone. Then you can later backfill from these tendrils, and extend your comfort zone; this is much easier to do than learning "forwards". _ – Kimball Mar 10 at 1:35

The other answers have some good general advice. Let me try to say something that is specific to the topics of analytic number theory, and number theory generally.

First, there is no such thing as training to be a number theorist. There are many different kinds of number theorists, and very few of him are comfortable with all four of the works you mention here (Davenport, Vaughan, Deligne-Weil II, Tate' thesis). Very few analytic number theorists understand the proof of Weil II (though a lot more of them know something about how to use it). Very few algebraic number theorists are comfortable with all the standard argument in multiplicative number theory and the circle method (though a lot more know the key results about $$L$$-functions). Of course the division into analytic and algebraic is already too coarse and simple. What you have is a lot of different number theorists with distinct but overlapping areas of knowledge.

Analytic number theory specifically is one of the areas of Math famous for requiring relatively little knowledge (at least, when compared to other areas of Math ). If you like the stuff you read in Davenport and Vaughan, you're in luck! You may be a lot closer to the frontiers of research than you think. As for how exactly to get there, I agree with Timothy Chow that your adviser is the best person to figure this out.

As to this phenomenon:

When I look at some of my professors or other researchers I have interacted with, I notice that they may be publishing in one or two areas, but are extremely knowledgeable in pretty much everything I ask them about.

Their knowledge may be less than you think. Or more precisely they know a broad overview of what the idea in a given field are and how they are used, but not the details. This might match the questions that someone with less experience in the area would ask them, but not be sufficient to write a good research paper in that field.

However, it is by no means a parlor trick. This type of knowledge is very important because it suggests what research areas might be relevant for a given problem and thus who to talk to, what to read, etc. But it's not obtained from reading books! Probably the best way to attain this level of knowledge is attending seminar talks (and listening carefully, not being afraid to ask stupid questions, thinking about what the speaker is saying during and after the talk...)

I think in general, a recipe for success on a particular problem or research sub-sub-area is to know (1) everything, or as much as possible, about the techniques that have been used to attack this problem before and (2) one relevant thing that hasn't been used to attack the problem before. The point being that you only need one new idea to make progress, but you will likely have to combine it with all or many of the previous ideas.

So if you know which problem, or type of problem, you want to work on, you should learn diligently the topics of obvious relevance to that problem. For topics of unclear relevance, you do not need to learn everything to their fullest extent, as long as you do not completely abandon them - again, you only really need one new idea. Even (2) is not strictly necessary - plenty of progress has been made by applying the existing methods with a more clever strategy.

But if you have a natural inclination to read and learn everything, you will probably find success as a mathematician by knowing at least a few things that your competitors don't. Focus on what seems relevant to your areas of greatest focus and ideally what seems fun and interesting as well. But there's no need to drive yourself insane.

• Even (2) is not strictly necessary - Neither is (1)! – Kimball Mar 10 at 1:38
• @Kimball Sure, but avoiding (1) is not what I would recommend. – Will Sawin Mar 10 at 1:41
• Well, I wasn't recommending actively trying to avoid it, just thinking about situations where you have a saw (from some other area), and realize you can use it to cut a branch that everyone nearby was trying to knock down with a hammer. – Kimball Mar 10 at 3:32
• @RHahn I may have worded this poorly. In any case, I think the impression you are drawing from it is wrong. Success doesn't come from knowing things that your competitors don't and keeping it secret to use as some kind of secret weapon. Success comes from knowing things that your competitors don't and explaining it to them. Your competitors for this purpose are also your top candidates for collaborators on papers, letter-writers, etc. – Will Sawin Mar 10 at 14:02
• @Kimball Yes, I completely agree. As you essentially point out, this almost always occurs as a kind of happenstance.The exception I know is where there are fields A and B where the fact that A has many applications to B is relatively common knowledge, but almost all practitioners of B find A too technical and difficult, and almost all practitioners of A find B too counter-intuitive or uninteresting. Then you can learn A and plan to prove theorems in B without learning (much of) the methods in B. But this is a rather specialized approach.., – Will Sawin Mar 10 at 14:05

It may seem like a mountain. But remember that a few years ago you knew absolutely nothing, and you have mastered a lot of material already! Three or four years is a lot of time, and almost certainly enough to become an expert on one thing (maybe even two). You can always expand later, but it's useful to keep your eyes open already. Attend seminars, organise learning groups, find peers with similar interests (and maybe some with different interests too!).

One major change going from undergrad (especially European undergrad, which is structured much more linearly than its North American counterpart) to a PhD programme is that you need to work on 'top down' learning instead of 'bottom up'. Try to understand the general ideas first before learning all the details. This takes time (just like the first year of undergrad took time to adjust), but it gets easier, and adjusting to this early will probably help a lot.

Attending seminars you don't understand is valuable, because you learn by osmosis. Someone will say something you don't understand, and you can go home and read about it in your own time. Or not, because you won't always be able to. But the next time it gets mentioned it will be less confusing, if only because you have seen it before.

• +1 for the second sentence. OP, think back to one year ago today, and consider how much math you have learned between then and now—probably a significant amount. And the pace of learning only accelerates as you gain expertise! – Greg Martin Mar 9 at 17:21
• Thanks for providing me some perspective. – sudolearn Mar 10 at 15:56
• To supplement "you learn by osmosis" the follwoing passage from Vakil's webpage seems particularly relevant, "Here's a phenomenon I was surprised to find: you'll go to talks, and hear various words, whose definitions you're not so sure about. At some point you'll be able to make a sentence using those words; you won't know what the words mean, but you'll know the sentence is correct. You'll also be able to ask a question using those words. You still won't know what the words mean, but you'll know the question is interesting, and you'll want to know the answer. ... – user57432 Mar 12 at 5:35
• Then later on, you'll learn what the words mean more precisely, and your sense of how they fit together will make that learning much easier. The reason for this phenomenon is that mathematics is so rich and infinite that it is impossible to learn it systematically, and if you wait to master one topic before moving on to the next, you'll never get anywhere. Instead, you'll have tendrils of knowledge extending far from your comfort zone. ... – user57432 Mar 12 at 5:35
• Then you can later backfill from these tendrils, and extend your comfort zone; this is much easier to do than learning "forwards". (Caution: this backfilling is necessary. There can be a temptation to learn lots of fancy words and to use them in fancy sentences without being able to say precisely what you mean. You should feel free to do that, but you should always feel a pang of guilt when you do.)" – user57432 Mar 12 at 5:35

Here is what my experience on the topic is: During writing my own thesis I was focused quite narrowly on the topic and everything which would help me prove the results I needed. That already meant learning a lot of new (to me) and exciting (to me) mathematics. After completing the thesis my experience has been that my mathematical world gradually expanded. It often seems to happen to me that I stumble into talks and on results which at first sight seem unrelated to what I do and then reveal themselves to be connected to my own work (or give rise to new and interesting projects). So to answer your questions:

1. Depends on what you want to achieve. Certainly you do not want to be completely ignorant at what is going on in mathematics or in neighboring topics. Having said this, it is very easy to get lost in the process of reading new fascinating math and loosing track of ones own projects.
2. I think it is good, especially at the beginning, to focus on some topic but keep an open mind. At least for me, working on multiple problems came at a later stage (and it might be argued whether this is keeping one from doing enough works on the project). However, this might be different from person to person.
3. Personally, I quite enjoy connecting different areas of mathematics. It seems to me that I am quite often discover new areas and am learning new things all the time (though that might also be different for other people).

Finally, let me tell you that seniority has the benefit of experience in playing the mathematical game. On one hand it should come at no surprise that people who have been working years and decades in academia have a rich knowledge base on which they can draw to ask questions. Moreover, as one of my academic teachers liked to point out: A little knowledge about a field is more then sufficient to ask an intelligent question. While the senior people might not have detailed knowledge to work on a problem in a neighboring field, they certainly almost always know enough problems and keywords to ask something after a talk.

• Thank you. I found your answer illuminating. – sudolearn Mar 10 at 15:57
• The last paragraph is excellent. – user57432 Mar 12 at 5:28

My personal experience suggests that reaching reasonable breadth of mathematical scope is achieved through three different mechanisms :

1) Attending talks (seminars, colloquia, workshops) in subjects where you are not an expert. Not only you will eventually grasp some useful bits and pieces of how to think about various mathematical phenomena, you might even find some things useful years later when you encounter something similar in your own research.

2) Trying to browse arXiv regularly. It is getting increasingly difficult, since the amount of daily postings is much higher than 15+ years ago when I was a PhD student. But still, scrolling through titles of papers and occasionally reading the abstract and/or the introduction when something catches your eye can be very useful. A related advice: if you read something useful and/or exciting in a paper, check on MathSciNet what papers cite it; this might bring you to some other interesting things.

3) Try to find a way to interact with your supervisor to broaden your scope. Good supervisors would only limit themselves to a narrow subject of your intended area if you insist on that. Having a mathematical mentor who can share with you his or her broader vision of the field, of interesting things to learn, of interesting events to attend, is perhaps the greatest thing that PhD studies offer. Use it wisely.

• Thanks a ton for your suggestions! – sudolearn Mar 10 at 15:59

Ask lots of other what they are interested in and why, so that you can acquire a high level view of subjects quickly, even if you don't understand it.

My undergraduate education was spotty, and not well structured. I managed to graduate after taking classes in complex analysis, real analysis, measure theory, point set topology, algebraic topology, partial differential equations, differential geometry, undergraduate abstract algebra, martingales, mathematical physics, and a smattering of other topics, many of which I did not master. (There were also service courses and engineering courses, from which I deviated in my second year.) When I went to graduate school, I felt minimally prepared to study other subjects, namely recursion theory, algebraic number theory, and beginning model theory among others.

Looking back on it, I find it was more of an adventure that could have ended poorly if I hadn't found a supportive advisor and a subject I really enjoyed (universal algebra). Also, many of the other subjects I have forgotten as I never practiced them after first exposure. Now though, I feel I could enter those classes again and master the material because of my practice of learning. Instead, I have recently branched into subjects outside mathematics, and am finding myself using my abilities and training to prioritize learning parts of these other subjects.

Keep searching to find what you love to learn. For the stuff you don't love, leave it in some place where you can pick it up again when you change your mind about it later. Also, keep trying different techniques on areas you feel you need to master.

Gerhard "For The Love Of Questions" Paseman, 2020.03.09.

• I've rolled back an edit to include (not-so-meta) meta commentary. Gerhard "It's Very Relevant To Me" Paseman, 2020.03.10. – Gerhard Paseman Mar 10 at 13:36