# Largest symmetric matrix given rank

Let $\mathscr{M}[n,d]$ be collection of $n\times n$ symmetric matrices with real entries from $\{0,1\}$ such that every row/column is distinct with sum of every row/column being $d$.

What is minimum real rank of matrices in $\mathscr{M}[n,d]$?

Given real rank $r$, then $\mathscr{N}[r,d]$ be collection of symmetric rank $r$ square matrices with real entries from $\{0,1\}$ such that every row/column is distinct with sum of every row/column being $d$.

What is largest size of matrix in $\mathscr{N}[r,d]$?

Is there an algebraic or geometric way to describe these sets?

• Not sure if this would help or not, but one can show (it is simply by using Cauchy Schwarz inequality with the non zero eigenvalues) that, if A is a n by n matrix then rank of A is at least ( (trace(A))^2 ) / trace(A^2), and for symmetric matrices the mentioned ratio of traces can be written in a compact way. – adityaguharoy Oct 18 at 13:52

If you further assume that the diagonal of your matrices are all zeros, it's natural to view your matrices as adjacency matrices of graphs. With this identification, your sum condition means the graph is $d$-regular, and the distinct-row condition means the graph is reduced (see for example this paper).
In fact, that same paper considers a function $m(r)$, defined to be the number of vertices in the largest reduced graph of rank $r$. Note that upper bounds on $m(r)$ provide upper bounds for your second question. Kotlov and Lovasz's result in the beginning of section 4 gives that $m(r)=O(2^{r/2})$, and this is tight by Proposition 5.