EDITED ANSWER: First of all it follows directly from the Śleszyński–Pringsheim theorem that this converges for all values of $z\in\mathbb{R}$.
This takes more work, but using continued fraction machinery one can also prove that the continued fraction converges for all $z\in\mathbb{C}$ which satisfy
$$1/4<\mathrm{frac}((\log 2)^2\Im z/\pi)<3/4,$$
where $\mathrm{frac}$ denotes the fractional part. Here is the argument:
Let $a_0=1,~$ $a_n=2^{-2z/n}$ and $b_n=1+a_n$ for $n\ge 1.$ Then the continued fraction you are interested in is equal to $$\left(1-\mathrm{K}_1^\infty \frac{1}{b_n'}\right)^{-1}$$ with $$b_n'=\frac{b_na_0a_2\cdots a_{n-1}}{a_1a_3\cdots a_n}$$
if $n$ is odd and
$$b_n'=\frac{b_na_1a_3\cdots a_{n-1}}{a_0a_2\cdots a_n}$$
if $n$ is even.
Now if $n=2m+1$ is odd then
$$\frac{b_na_0a_2\cdots a_{n-1}}{a_1a_3\cdots a_n}=-(1+a_n)2^{-2z(-1+\sum_{k=1}^m(1/2k-1/(2k+1)))}.$$
Therefore as $n\rightarrow \infty$ through odd numbers the argument of $b_n'$ approaches
$$\lim_{m\rightarrow\infty}\mathrm{arg} (b_{2m+1}')=\pi+2(\log 2)^2\Im z \mod 2\pi.$$
By our hypothesis above this means that the limit of the argument falls in the interval $(-\pi/2+\epsilon,\pi/2-\epsilon)$ for some $\epsilon>0$. Furthermore the limit along the even integers is the inverse of the limit along the odd integers, so the same comments apply. Finally by essentially the same argument the limit of the modulus exists and is nonzero, therefore $$\sum |b_n'|=\infty$$
and the continued fraction converges by van Vleck's theorem.
Final comments: this is probably not the `complete' solution to the problem, especially since the van Vleck's argument doesn't seem to pick up the nearly trivial cases when $\Im z=0$. Also in retrospect, the rearrangement in the continued fraction at the beginning of the argument is justified by the absolute convergence at the end of the argument... just rearrange the final product to get back to the original. Hope this helps.
