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As we know the inhomogeneous Sobolev space (we only consider $s>0$) $${H}^{s}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)=\left\{f \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^n):\int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|\xi|^{2 s}|\hat{f}(\xi)|^{2} \mathrm{d} \xi<\infty\right\}$$ I am quite confused by the homogeneous one $\dot H^s$ which consists of functions with the following quantity is bounded $$ \|f\|_{\dot{H}^{s}}=\left(\int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|\xi|^{2 s}|\hat{f}(\xi)|^{2} \mathrm{d} \xi\right)^{1 / 2}\label{1}\tag{*}$$

There are several definitions of $\dot H^s$ (I use a subscript to distinguish them).

  1. In L. Grafakos, Modern Fourier analysis, he defines $$\dot{H}_G^{s}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)=\left\{f \in \mathscr{S}^{\prime}/\mathscr{P}: \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|\xi|^{2 s}|\hat{f}(\xi)|^{2} \mathrm{d} \xi<\infty\right\}$$ Here $\mathscr{S}^{\prime}/\mathscr{P}$ is the equivalent class of distributions modulo polynomials (that is, we identify two distributions whose difference is a polynomial). Then \eqref{1} is a norm.

  2. Maybe there is a more natural one by

$$\dot H^s_N(\mathbb{R}^n)=\text{completion of }\left\{f\in \mathscr{S}:\int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|\xi|^{2 s}|\hat{f}(\xi)|^{2} \mathrm{d} \xi<\infty\right\}\text{ under the norm \eqref{1}}$$

My questions are

  1. Is $\dot H_G^s$ complete under \eqref{1}?

  2. Is $\dot H^s_N=\dot H_G^s$?

Add after Michael's comment: There is another version in H. Bahouri, J.-Y. Chemin, R. Danchin, Fourier analysis and nonlinear partial differential equations. They define $$ \dot{H}_B^{s}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)=\left\{f \in \mathscr{S}^{\prime}: \hat{f} \in L_{\operatorname{loc}}^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right) \text { and } \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}|\xi|^{2 s}|\hat{f}(\xi)|^{2} \mathrm{d} \xi<\infty\right\}$$ The reason why they include $ \hat{f} \in L_{\operatorname{loc}}^{1}\left(\mathbb{R}^{n}\right)$ arise from problems with understanding the meaning of $|\xi|^s \hat f$ if one only knows that $\hat f\in \mathscr{S}'$

This definition makes more sense by restricting $\hat f\in L_{loc}$. However, it is known that for $s < n/2$, $\dot H^s_B$ is a Hilbert space with $(*)$, while, when $\dot H^{s}_B$ is not complete when $s\geq n/2$. I am trying to avoid this definition because it is not complete.

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  • $\begingroup$ Your first definition does not seem to quite make sense, at least not without further explanation. If all you know is that f is a tempered distribution, how would you define the integral (even allowing for an infinite value)? You would need to know $\hat f$ is locally integrable or something like that. $\endgroup$ Commented Sep 19, 2020 at 1:55
  • $\begingroup$ @MichaelRenardy I add one paragraph. I hope it can address your concern. My question is still there. $\endgroup$
    – Slm2004
    Commented Sep 19, 2020 at 13:57
  • $\begingroup$ I suggest to have a look at Chapter 2 of "An Introduction to the mathematical theory of the Navier-Stokes equation" by P. Galdi. He defines and study homogenuous Sobolev spaces for general $p$ but withouth using the Fourier transform. $\endgroup$ Commented Sep 20, 2020 at 14:55
  • $\begingroup$ @GiorgioMetafune I did not find the definition of fractional derivative. It seems he only deals with s being some integer. $\endgroup$
    – Slm2004
    Commented Sep 20, 2020 at 18:20
  • $\begingroup$ Yes, that is true. But he explains well the density results and the need for the polynomial correction. $\endgroup$ Commented Sep 20, 2020 at 18:27

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